The evaluation of the efficacy of incorporation of quercetin in nanoparticles is crucial, both for the development and quality control of pharmaceutical formulations. The validation of analytical methods for the precise quantification of quercetin is useful for the evaluation of various potential quercetin delivery systems and quercetin pharmacokinetics. This work aimed to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for quercetin detection and quantification in nanoparticles. Different mobile phase conditions and detection wavelengths (254 and 368 nm) were tested, and the major validation parameters were assessed (precision, accuracy, linearity, sensitivity, stability, and selectivity). The best peak resolution was obtained when quercetin was analyzed at 368 nm with a mobile phase of 1.5% acetic acid and a water/acetonitrile/methanol ratio of 55:40:5. Under these conditions, quercetin also eluted rapidly (retention time of 3.6 min). The method proved to be linear (R² > 0.995), specific, and repeatable (variation coefficient between 2.4% and 6.7%) and presented intermediate precision (variation coefficient between 7.2% and 9.4%). The accuracy of the analysis ranged between 88.6% and 110.7%, and detection and quantification limits were 0.046 and 0.14 µg/mL, respectively. Quercetin solutions were more stable when stored at 4 °C than at room temperature or −20 °C. This validated method satisfied more parameters of bias assessment than most recent methods for quercetin determination and presented itself as more sensitive and efficient than general spectrophotometric methods. The method was successfully used for the analysis of quercetin incorporation in nanoparticles and will be evaluated in the future for its adequacy for the determination of quercetin in more complex matrices.

Therapeutics is a very complex subject for every pharmacy student, since it requires the application of knowledge from several other disciplines. The study of therapeutics is often done in case‐based learning in order to promote reflective thinking and give a scenario as real as possible. The objective of this study was to compare student performance between face‐to‐face ( n = 54) and blended learning ( n = 56) approaches to the teaching of therapeutics. They can confirm that there are statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05) between the final exam scores from both groups, being that the b‐learning group achieved higher scores. Blended learning seems to be an effective way to teach therapeutics, following pre‐established teaching methods, and above all, does not negatively affect student performance. It also provides new learning environments and strategies, and promotes the development of new skills such as learning and collaborating online, which may be relevant in a networked knowledge society.

Beer is considered one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and a potential vehicle for probiotics. However, there are several technical challenges to overcome during the production and storage of beers, as probiotics must remain viable until the moment of consumption. Therefore, this work aims to discuss how the incorporation of probiotics improves or adds value to beer and which variables influence the viability of the process. This is a narrative review of the literature with research in the PubMed, Web of Science, and b-on databases for articles related to the incorporation of probiotics in beer and the variables that influence the process. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of probiotics into beer faces technical challenges such as probiotic selection, pH, the presence of alcohol, and beer’s production and storage temperatures. However, strategies such as immobilizing probiotics in alginate, alginate–silica, and durian husk powder, fermentation with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, and co-fermentation with probiotics permit us to overcome these barriers. Thus, incorporating probiotics into beer brings added value, potentially increasing antioxidant activity and phenolic compound content and providing unique flavors and aromas. Nevertheless, strict control of the technical conditions involved is necessary to ensure probiotic viability and the health benefits they confer.

Nowadays, learning a Pharmaceutical Profession is an increasing challenge. Apart from traditional texts, lectures and self-guided individual learning, pharmaceutical educators are encouraged to find and implement ways to promote higher order thinking, collaborative learning and to increase students' motivation. One way of achieving these objectives is to complement traditional learning methods with the development and implementation of Case Based Learning (CBL), supported in real life situations. Methods regarding real problems stand in contrast to a more traditional approach to learning and instruction. They promote learner-centered, small group, interactive learning experiences, instead of large group, didactic, teacher-centered instruction. Developing such a learning approach can be a challenge. In this sense, it becomes relevant to promote and share experiences already underway and by doing so, disseminate knowledge in this field. It is our goal with this text to share our experience in the design and implementation of a Case Based Approach to Therapeutics. Type: Idea Paper

Background/Objectives: Understanding prescribing patterns for type 2 diabetes mellitus, a complex condition affecting over 10% of the global adult population, can optimise prescribing practices, guide policymakers in promoting evidence-based medicine, and help tailor first-line treatments to individual characteristics or specific subgroups, improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the prescription and non-prescription of metformin, the recommended first-line therapy in Western guidelines, and to evaluate whether these prescribing patterns align with evidence-based recommendations. It also explores factors associated with initial combination therapy, a more recent and controversial approach compared to stepwise therapy. Methods: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on 25 August 2023, without language or time restrictions, to identify observational analytical studies assessing factors associated with the initiation of metformin or combination therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were naïve to antidiabetic medications. Studies involving pregnant or breastfeeding women were excluded. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists (PROSPERO registration number CRD42023438313). Results: Thirty studies were included, evaluating 105 variables, most of which (62%) were assessed in one study. The 25 variables using combination therapy as the outcome were mostly (72%) evaluated also in one study. Initial metformin prescription was strongly and positively associated with younger age, lower glycated haemoglobin levels, higher body mass index, and absence of renal impairment. Initial combination therapy was associated with higher HbA1c levels and a lower burden of comorbidities. Findings also highlighted a discrepancy between clinical practice and evidence-based recommendations. However, concerns were raised regarding both the internal and external validity of the included studies. Conclusions: Our systematic review, which offers insights into real-world clinical practices, indicated that there is a misalignment between clinical practices and evidence-based recommendations, supporting the need for interventions in this field.