DREADD not the designer compound: Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) constitute a powerful chemogenetic strategy that can modulate nerve cell activity in freely moving animal preparations. Gomez et al. used radioligand receptor occupancy measurements and in vivo positron emission tomography to show that DREADDs expressed in the brain are not activated by the designer compound CNO (clozapine N -oxide). Instead, they are activated by the CNO metabolite clozapine, a drug with multiple endogenous targets. This may have important implications for the interpretation of results obtained with this popular technology. Science , this issue p. 503

The pathophysiology of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) may be linked to overactive immunity including aberrant activity of the brain’s resident immune cells, microglia. Here we used [11C]DPA-713 and positron emission tomography to quantify the 18 kDa translocator protein, a marker of activated microglia or reactive astrocytes, in the brains of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms of any duration compared to healthy controls. Genotyping for the TSPO rs6971 polymorphism was completed, and individuals with the rare, low affinity binding genotype were excluded. Data from eight brain regions demonstrated higher [11C]DPA-713 binding in 12 patients relative to 19 controls. [11C]DPA-713 PET is a promising tool to study cerebral glial activation in PTLDS and its link to cognitive symptoms.

Tools for noninvasive detection of bacterial pathogens are needed but are not currently available for clinical use. We have previously shown that para -aminobenzoic acid (PABA) rapidly accumulates in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, motivating the development of related PET radiotracers. In this study, ¹¹ C-PABA PET imaging was used to accurately detect and monitor infections due to pyogenic bacteria in multiple clinically relevant animal models. ¹¹ C-PABA PET imaging selectively detected infections in muscle, intervertebral discs, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus –infected orthopedic implants. In what we believe to be first-in-human studies in healthy participants, ¹¹ C-PABA was safe, well-tolerated, and had a favorable biodistribution, with low background activity in the lungs, muscles, and brain. ¹¹ C-PABA has the potential for clinical translation to detect and localize a broad range of bacteria.

This study presents a system-level optimization of spectroscopic photoacoustic (PA) imaging for prostate cancer (PCa) detection in three folds. First, we present a spectral unmixing model to segregate spectral system error (SSE). We constructed two noise models (NMs) for the laser spectrotemporal fluctuation and the ultrasound system noise. We used these NMs in linear spectral unmixing to denoise and to achieve high temporal resolution. Second, we employed a simulation-aided wavelength optimization to select the most effective subset of wavelengths. NMs again were considered so that selected wavelengths were not only robust to the collinearity of optical absorbance, but also to noise. Third, we quantified the effect of frame averaging on improving spectral unmixing accuracy through theoretical analysis and numerical validation. To validate the whole framework, we performed comprehensive studies in simulation and an in vivo experiment which evaluated prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in PCa on a mice model. Both simulation analysis and in vivo studies confirmed that the proposed framework significantly enhances image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectral unmixing accuracy. It enabled more sensitive and faster PCa detection. Moreover, the proposed framework can be generalized to other spectroscopic PA imaging studies for noise reduction, wavelength optimization, and higher temporal resolution.