(1) Background: Participation in youth sports is believed to protect against alcohol consumption. Although this concept has been questioned for over 40 years, the review of methodologically reliable evidence data is scarce. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the association between practicing sports and alcohol consumption among adolescents (10–19 years old) and its moderators. (2) Methods: The review covers only random-sample-based and population research. A systematic search was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, and WoS, for articles published between 2000 and 2021. From the 1944 identified records, 139 advanced to the full-text review, and 32 to the final data extraction and quality review. (3) Results: About two-thirds of the studies, including all the longitudinal ones, showed a positive association between sport participation and alcohol consumption. The most common mediators were gender (males were at higher risk), discipline (odds for team sports were higher, but professionalization could reduce it), and race, which intersected with gender, putting white males at the highest risk. (4) Conclusions: Further longitudinal research based on random samples using standardized indicators, including psychological and social variables, may provide more consistent outcomes and allow for the identification of mediating mechanisms.

The objective of this scoping review is to determine to what extent the recommendations on perinatal care protect breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review follows the PRISMA ScR Extension guidelines. The research was conducted in Scopus, Medline via Pubmed, and Web of Science databases from 1 March 2020 to 31 May 2021, using 392 combinations of keywords. We searched for reviews and original papers published in English providing recommendations on delivery mode, companion during labor, the possibility of skin-to-skin contact (SSC), breastfeeding, and visitors policy. After screening, 86 out of 8416 publications qualified for data extraction. The majority of them indicated that COVID-19 infection is not a sufficient reason for a cesarean section; however, on a national level, cesarean births in severely ill patients were overrepresented. A significant number of recommendations deprived mothers of the necessary support during their labor and stay in the maternity ward. A shared decision-making model was hardly visible. Only the earliest COVID-19 recommendations suspended direct breastfeeding; in later publications, decisions were related to the mother’s health, but other options of natural feeding were rarely discussed.

When feeding at the breast is not possible, infants can still receive expressed mother's own milk (MOM). Method of expression, hygiene practices and settings during expression, and processing can affect MOM composition. to review current evidence on the influence of feeding expressed MOM using varying expression methods, varying hygiene practices or settings during expressions, or varying treatments on health and growth of recipient infants. we systematically searched CENTRAL, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, Emcare, EU trials, Global Health, Global Index Medicus, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO, for primary research studies, including observational studies, published up to March 2024 evaluating different methods of MOM expression, hygiene practices or settings during expression, processing of MOM, and reporting clinical outcomes on recipient infants. Key outcomes of interest were growth, mortality, morbidity, feeding tolerance, adverse events, CMV infection, retroviral infection, other infections, nutrient deficiencies, neurodevelopment, breastfeeding. Qualitative thematic synthesis was conducted. An evidence gap map was produced using a GRADE evaluation. Of 29,320 studies screened, 45 met inclusion criteria. No expression method or pump type showed clear benefits for breastfeeding rates or infant growth. Three studies reported improved weight gain in infants receiving hindmilk. Evidence on the effect of processing methods on morbidity and mortality was inconclusive. Limited evidence was found on freeze-thawing's efficacy in reducing CMV transmission, while pasteurization proved more effective. No studies assessed clinical outcomes related to hygiene practices or expression settings. The use of hindmilk improves infant weight gain with some certainty of evidence. Hand expression of MOM has similar efficacy on the growth of recipient infants to that of electric pumping, also for mothers of preterm infants. Evidence on clinical outcomes of different MOM expression practices and treatments is very limited. This work underscores the need for future studies to address the substantial evidence gaps identified. REGISTRY AND REGISTRY NUMBER FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS OR META-ANALYSES: The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024523299). Previous reviews have focused on the effects handling practices for expressed mother's own milk, such as expression methods, hygiene practices/settings during expressions, and storage and processing treatments on the composition of MOM; however, changes in composition do not necessarily correspond to changes in clinical outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the only systematic review to evaluate the effects of these practices on a large number of clinically relevant outcomes (growth, main morbidities, feeding tolerance, adverse events, viral and retroviral infections, other infections, nutrient deficiencies, neurodevelopment, and breastfeeding) of recipient infants. In this context, the present work is important to identify gaps in knowledge, including methodological limitations of existing evidence, and guide future research.

This article performs a cross-national analysis of the causes of refugee-related threat perception. We examine the hypotheses that the number of terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists should negatively coincide with positive attitudes toward refugees in a country. Secondly, we assess the relationship between the number of suspects arrested in relation to Muslim terrorist attacks and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees in a host country. In order to answer these hypotheses, we adopted a quantitative approach. Using data from the Pew Research Center Survey of 2016 we analyze the relationship between the number of terrorist attacks and arrests of Muslim extremists and their impact on the perception of the population in ten European countries. The findings suggest that there is no correlation between the number of terrorist attacks, arrests of Muslim extremists and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees. Among countries which experienced most fundamentalist Muslims attacks, the portrait of people sharing the stereotype is more nuanced. Political convictions were found to be the strongest and most common significant predictor, while age, gender and religiosity were significant in some countries only.

The Meetings with Leon (ML) program is a prevention program implemented by teachers, embedded in the social and emotional learning (SEL) theory and addressed to preschool and primary school students aged 5–9. The purpose of the program is to develop social and emotional competencies that reduce the frequency of aggressive behavior. The short-term effectiveness of the program was assessed with an experimental design, based on a random sample and random assignment of teams to the intervention and control groups. The study participants were 628 students (323 from the intervention group and 305 from the control group) from 32 classes, from schools located in towns of different sizes in Poland. The schools were randomly sampled, and classes were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Using repeated measures ANOVA analysis, it was determined that the implementation of the program did not reduce the frequency of physical, verbal, and relational aggressive behaviors observed by teachers but contributed to greater recognition of one’s own emotions and the emotions of others, as well as regulation of emotions by students. The probable cause of the mixed results is the relatively short time between measurements. The program contributed to the development of competences, the effects of which will probably be observed in the long term.

The authors' aim in this article is to use a critical approach to analyse the modernisation process of the pedagogic supervision system in Poland, looking at change not as critics but (co)authors. Their aim is not to exploit the strengths of critical sociology when applied to the processes of innovation, but to use these strengths reflexively to arrive at a better understanding of change, and of the reactions and the behaviour of all the participants in the process, including their own role in the system and its possible dangers. The authors believe that for a sociologist involved in the change process, the reflexive approach is crucial so as to comply with ethical requirements, and that it enables an active, needs-oriented involvement when making decisions about introducing change.