For assessing the effects of wastewater on soil physical and chemical properties, manual irrigation (MI) and surface drip irrigation (SDI) systems were investigated. The experiment was conducted over 12 months. Before and after the experiment, soil samples were collected from three depths (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm) for analysis. The obtained results indicated that wastewater application probably preserves soil quality by maintaining its pH-water values whatever the irrigation system used. This study suggested that nutrient input from wastewater promotes soil microbial activity and organic matter (OM) mineralization. In fact, at the soil depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm, MI using treated wastewater (TWW) leads to decrease OM content. P input may justify treated wastewater fertilizing effect in the topsoil. Moreover, TWW fertilizing effect was demonstrated by increased potassium (K) amount in the two upper soil layers (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) following SDI system. This last system may block metals (iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se)) translocation to plants and their accumulation in soil. In contrast, metal translocation was maintained by the MI system. The present data is encouraging to reuse TWW for agricultural purposes, especially for orchard irrigation.

Here, we report a facile route to the synthesizing of a new donor–acceptor complex, L3, using 4-{[(anthracen-9-yl)meth-yl] amino}-benzoic acid, L2, as donor moiety with anthraquinone as an acceptor moiety. The formation of donor–acceptor complex L3 was facilitated via H-bonding and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the synthesized donor–acceptor complex L3 crystal belongs to the triclinic system possessing the P-1 space group. The complex L3 was also characterized by other spectral techniques, viz., FTIR and UV absorption spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of new bonds between donor L2 moiety and acceptor anthraquinone molecule. The crystallinity and thermal stability of the newly synthesized complex L3 was confirmed by powdered XRD and TGA analysis and theoretical studies; Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to define the type of interactions occurring in the complex L3. Interestingly, theoretical results were successfully corroborated with experimental results of FTIR and UV absorption. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed for HOMO to LUMO; the energy gap (∆E) was calculated to be 3.6463 eV. The complex L3 was employed as a photocatalyst for the degradation of MB dye and was found to be quite efficient. The results showed MB dye degraded about 90% in 200 min and followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic with rate constant k = 0.0111 min⁻¹ and R² = 0.9596. Additionally, molecular docking reveals that the lowest binding energy was −10.8 Kcal/mol which indicates that the L3 complex may be further studied for its biological applications.

An excessive accumulation of crystal violet dye in the human body results in an accelerated heart rate, tetraplegia, eye irritation, and long-term damage to the transparent mucous membrane that protects the eyeballs. Accordingly, in this paper, sodium manganese silicate/sodium manganese silicate hydroxide hydrate was easily fabricated as a novel type of nanostructures for the successful disposal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. The formed sodium manganese silicate/sodium manganese silicate hydroxide hydrate nanostructures after the hydrothermal treatment of the gel produced from the interaction of Mn(II) ions with Si(IV) ions at 180 °C for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h were abbreviated as MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4, respectively. The XRD showed that the average crystallite size of the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 samples is 8.38, 7.43, 4.25, and 8.76 nm, respectively. The BET surface area of the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 samples is 41.58, 46.15, 58.25, and 39.69 m²/g, respectively. The MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 samples consist of spherical and irregular shapes with average grain sizes of 157.22, 88.06, 43.75, and 107.08 nm, respectively. The best adsorption conditions of the crystal violet dye employing the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 products were achieved at pH = 8, contact time = 140 min, and solution temperature = 298 kelvin. The linear pseudo-2nd-order model as well as the linear Langmuir isotherm better describe the disposal of the crystal violet dye using the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 adsorbents. The studied thermodynamic parameters indicated that the disposal of the crystal violet dye employing the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 adsorbents is spontaneous, exothermic, and chemical. The maximum disposal capacities of the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 adsorbents towards crystal violet dye are 342.47, 362.32, 411.52, and 310.56 mg/g, respectively.

A cost-effective, selective, sensitive, and operational TLC-densitometric approach has been adapted for the concurrent assay of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride (HYX), Ephedrine Hydrochloride (EPH), and Theophylline (THP) in their pure powder and pharmaceutical forms. In the innovative TLC-densitometric approach, HYX, EPH, and THP were efficaciously separated and quantified on a 60F₂₅₄ silica gel stationary phase with chloroform–ammonium acetate buffer (9.5:0.5, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5 using ammonia solution as a mobile liquid system and UV detection at 220 nm. The novel TLC method validation has been performed in line with the international conference for harmonization (ICH) standards and has been effectively used for the estimation of the researched medicines in their pharmaceutical formulations without intervention from excipients. Additionally, parameters affecting the chromatographic analysis have been investigated. The new TLC approach’s functionality and greenness were appraised using three modern and automated tools, namely the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), the Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE), and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. In short, the greenness characteristics were not achieved as a result of using mandatory, non-ecofriendly solvents such as ammonia and chloroform. On the contrary, the applicability and usefulness of the novel TLC approach were attained via concurrent estimation for the three drugs using simple and straightforward procedures. Moreover, the novel TLC method outperforms previously published HPLC ones in terms of the short run time per sample and moderate pH value for the liquid system. According to the conclusions of comparisons with previously recorded TLC methods, our novel HPTLC method has the highest AGREE score, so it is the greenest HPTLC strategy. Moreover, its functionality and applicability are very appropriate because of the simultaneous assessment of three drugs in one TLC run. Furthermore, no tedious and complicated extraction and evaporation processes are prerequisites.