Fire is defined as an extremely hazardous event, causing a threat to life and health of persons, but also damage to the economic sphere. It has been shown many times that fire can occur anywhere and at any time. In order to minimize the risk of fire manifestations, it is necessary to understand its course. In technical practice, computational models are used to determine the partial manifestations of fire, such as fire spread rate, smoke generation rate in the burning area, formation of toxic burning products, flame height, and others. One of the important characteristics is also the energy balance in the burning area relating to the character of burning material, access of oxygen necessary for exothermic reaction of burning, and reaction of the installed safety devices. In this paper we will point out the fire safety of the building. The FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) model is recently used in practice, and its advantage is the possibility to model fire even in large and atypical spaces. The contribution of this paper is the practical application of fire safety of construction using the FDS Model, to reduce the cost of fire safety for the structure being constructed. Attention was paid to evaluating how the heat energy that is released during a fire can be influenced by the installed stable fire-extinguishing equipment, taking into consideration the fire resistance of the building structures.

This paper presents research into the energy balance of stressing conveyor belts by impact processes. Research is described in the areas of measuring the resistance of conveyor belts to puncture, the impact process, and the effect of changes to the impact height on the tensile and impact forces. Measurements were performed on a rubber–textile belt with a polyamide carcass. Hammers with pyramidal and spherical impactors were used to compare the resistance of the examined conveyor. Values were obtained for the maximum energies for the selected impact heights and the residual positional energies for the measured bounce heights. The difference between these energies represents the impact energy. The results confirmed that the impact energy of a hammer with a pyramidal impactor is greater than the impact energy of a hammer with a spherical impactor, while this difference increases with increasing impact height. The shape of the pyramidal impactor simulates sharp-edged materials, which is the cause of greater damage in the tribological interaction with the conveyor belt. This paper provides information for determining the limit conditions for setting appropriate impact heights depending on the weight of the material transported using a given belt conveyor.

Continuous industrial material-handling systems are operationally and energy-intensive technological structures in which downtime affecting one equipment group can reduce the availability of the entire production chain. This study develops a probabilistic framework for assessing downtime impacts when detailed historical event-level downtime records are available, but complete technical and economic equipment parameters are missing. The analysis is based on 6605 downtime records for conveyors, excavators and stackers observed between 2017 and 2025. Historical downtime records were combined with interval-based assumptions for power demand, load factor, handling capacity, electricity price and commodity value, and were propagated through a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. The results revealed a strong concentration of downtime burden. The combination of P–Conveyor–Material Collapse accounted for 32.58% of total downtime, while the top five equipment–fault combinations explained 67.86% of cumulative downtime. At the system level, the median modelled energy-service unavailability reached approximately 4339 MWh, the median production-loss equivalent reached approximately 9279 kt, and the median total economic loss was approximately EUR 209.5 million. The proposed Energy–Economic Impact Index integrated event frequency, downtime severity, energy-service unavailability and economic loss into a single maintenance-prioritisation indicator. The highest-ranked maintenance target was P–Conveyor–Material Collapse, confirming that maintenance priorities should be determined by combined operational, energy-related and economic consequences rather than by event frequency alone. The study demonstrates that historical downtime records can be transformed into a probabilistic decision-support tool for risk-based maintenance planning in industrial systems with incomplete technical and economic data.

Operational failures in continuous material-handling systems are usually evaluated through failure counts; however, failure frequency alone may underestimate the true operational burden when downtime severity is unevenly distributed across devices and fault mechanisms. This study develops an integrated statistical framework for analysing operational failures and downtime in a continuous material-handling and technological transport process. The empirical dataset consists of 6605 anonymised failure events recorded between 2017 and 2025, covering 108 monthly observations, three technological device categories, and 42 classified fault types. The methodology combines frequency–severity analysis, inferential testing, time-series forecasting, and cluster-based identification of monthly operating regimes. The results show a strong disproportionality between failure frequency and downtime burden. Conveyor belts accounted for 51.40% of all failures but generated 83.22% of total downtime, confirming their dominant role in system-level operational losses. Several fault types, including Belt Slip, Off-Track Belt, Tear, Motor Failure, and Transfer Chute, also exhibited high downtime severity despite lower occurrence frequency. Inferential testing confirmed statistically significant and operationally meaningful differences in downtime severity across machine categories, whereas the calendar month was not a significant determinant of monthly failure counts or total downtime. Among the candidate forecasting models, Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess combined with exponential smoothing (STL-ETS) achieved the best holdout performance for both failure counts and total downtime. Cluster analysis further identified six interpretable monthly operating regimes differing in failure intensity, downtime burden, equipment involvement, fault-type composition, and temporal growth dynamics. The study contributes to downtime-oriented maintenance analytics by demonstrating that operational risk should be assessed through combined frequency–severity and regime-based perspectives rather than through aggregate failure counts alone.

Monitoring the technical condition of conveyor belts is essential for the reliable and safe operation of pipe belt conveyors. Integrating passive UHF RFID tags directly into the belt structure enables continuous monitoring of belt circulation, elongation, and splice condition without interrupting operation. This study aimed to verify the technical feasibility of such an approach, optimize the RFID system architecture, and experimentally evaluate the impact resistance of tags vulcanized into a rubber–textile conveyor belt. A multicriteria decision-making approach (AHP and TOPSIS) was used to select a suitable UHF antenna and mounting system for the experimental pipe conveyor TMEL, resulting in the choice of a circularly polarized Alien ALR-8698 patch antenna and a fully adjustable portal-type holder. Impact tests on an S 250/2 RA belt with integrated RFID tags showed that all tags remained functional up to complete mechanical failure of the specimens, even under direct impact, with maximum impact forces of 6–12 kN depending on specimen width. The integration of RFID tags did not introduce a critical weakening of the load-bearing belt structure, confirming that RFID is a robust and suitable complement for intelligent condition monitoring of pipe conveyors.

Fire fighting with water is the most common method of fire suppression. In reference [1], the author states that 1 ml of water can extinguish a fire with a volume of 50 dm3. Although many fire detection and protection techniques are available for buildings, fires in residential buildings are still considered to be a significant risk to the occupants of apartment buildings. This paper presents a proposal for an approach to fire fighting in residential buildings, with particular emphasis on the need for water, a strategy for fire fighting by firefighting units using a specific example, and with a proposal for the possible application of modern technologies to support rescue and firefighting work. It addresses the questions of how the type of residential building influences the tactical approach in a fire, which techniques and intervention strategies are most effective for rapid fire location and occupant evacuation, how data, simulations and smart technologies can be used to support decision-making during intervention, what are the main failure points (critical factors) in real residential building interventions. Providing fire protection in residential buildings is a complex issue that requires cooperation between owners, building managers and professional companies. It is important to ensure regular inspection and maintenance of the systems and compliance with all applicable regulations in the field of fire protection, e.g. Act No.314/2001, Coll. 121/2002 Coll. on fire prevention, Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic No. 94/2004 Coll., STN 730802 Fire safety of buildings. The article concludes with the application of the HRA method, which is considered a systematic tool for identifying, assessing, and classifying risks arising from human error during critical intervention activities. In the case of firefighter intervention, it helps improve safety, efficiency, and decision-making under stressful and time-pressured conditions when fighting fires in residential buildings.