Background: Total lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic might have potentially increased screen time in children. This study aims to describe the smartphone and tablets usage in children under 48 months living in Barcelona during the COVID-19 confinement. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a non-probabilistic sample of parents with children under 48 months living in Barcelona (Spain) during COVID-19 confinement (n = 313). We calculated percentages of exposure to smartphones and tablets. Moreover, for those children were exposed, we calculated unadjusted and adjusted Geometric Mean Ratios (GMR) of daily smartphones and tablets usage and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) trough Generalized Linear Models with Gamma family and link log. Associations were adjusted for potential confounders. Results: During COVID-19 confinement, 67.5% of children under 48 months were daily exposed to smartphones and tablets. Further, those children who were exposed during meals, as well as before going to bed, spend longer durations using them, aGMR = 2.38 (95% CI 1.73, 3.34) and aGMR = 1.95 (95% CI 1.34, 2.91) respectively. Conclusion: Two out of three children under 48 months living in Barcelona were daily exposed to smartphones and tablets during total lockdown due to COVID-19. Taking this findings into account cohort studies are needed to assess any change in the screen time patterns due to total confinement in order to allow the Government help families, particularly those more vulnerable, in a possible pandemic resurgence.

Objective: to characterize the smartphones and tablets use pattern in a sample of children up to 5 years old and assess with which variables it is associated. Method: cross-sectional study of 410 parents of children up to 5 years of age. Data were obtained from an online questionnaire. Questions about the time and pattern of daily use of smartphones and tablets were collected. We calculated the overall percentage (and 95% confidence interval) and median (and interquartile range) of each device’s use time and according to the variables associated with the child, and the respondent’s characteristics. Results: an estimated 44.7% (95% CI: 37; 51) of children used both smartphones and/or tablets daily. The median use time for smartphones and tablets separately was 30 minutes per day for smartphones (8.6-38.6) and 30 (17.1- 60.0) for tablet. In children who have free access to the devices, 11.6% (95% CI: 6; 16) use these devices up to 30 minutes after waking up on weekdays, 15.4% (95% CI: 10; 21) during weekends and 14.0% (95% CI: 8; 19) use smartphone and/or tablet up to 1 hour before going to bed. Conclusion: more than 4 out of 10 children in our sample used smartphones and/or tablets daily. Community nursing may be a viable avenue for implementing educational programs focused on promoting healthy practices in children’s electronic device usage given the pattern of excessive screen use in the pediatric population.

Objective: to describe the norms and perceptions of a sample of Spanish parents and guardians on the use of mobile devices (smartphone and/or tablet) by their children and their association with such use. Method: a quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional, online, exploratory study was conducted with a non-probability sample of parents or guardians of children using smartphones or tablets. The virtual questionnaire consisted of 44 questions and was available at https://www.kenkolab.org/participa/ . Results: the total number of participants (parents or guardians) was 183 people. It was observed that 26.2% of parents admitted that their children had free and unrestricted access to smartphones or tablets. Associations were identified between time spent using mobile devices and parental attitudes, such as permission without time limitation and use as a reward or punishment. Approximately half of the respondents believe that their children use the mobile device longer than recommended. Conclusion: most parents exercise some control over their children’s use of devices. Acting on parental norms and perceptions is vital to success in addressing children’s time spent on mobile devices. Community nursing could be a vehicle for education in healthy screen consumption habits in early childhood.

Background: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) arises after lower respiratory tract infection during childhood and is marked by impaired lung function. Despite possible impacts on exercise capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness in PIBO patients remain largely unknown. This study aimed to examine cardiorespiratory fitness and identify possible demographic and clinical–functional associations. Methods: The following variables were examined in a multicentre, cross-sectional study conducted in clinically stable PIBO patients aged 6–20 years: cardiorespiratory fitness (exercise testing), lung function (spirometry and impulse oscillometry), muscle strength (handgrip, upper and lower extremities), functional capacity (30-s sit-to-stand (STS) test), physical activity level (physical activity questionnaire adolescents and children; PAQ-A-C), body mass index (BMI), quality of life (Saint George's respiratory questionnaire; SGRQ) and dyspnoea perception (modified Medical Research Council scale). Results: 51 patients were enrolled (mean age 13.2±4.2 years, 49% female). BMI z-score was 0.06±1.20. Lung function tests indicated moderate-to-severe obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV ₁ ) z-score −3.55±1.30) and elevated airway resistance (R5 Hz 165.8±53.64%). Peak oxygen consumption ( V′ O _{2 peak} ) was 36.8±8.58 mL·kg ⁻¹ ·min ⁻¹ (47% ≤10 percentile) and breathing reserve 7.08±8.29%, indicating ventilatory limitation. Handgrip strength was 0.49±0.14 kg·kg ⁻¹ . The 30-s STS test was 27.2±5.7 repetitions. PAQ-A/PAQ-C was 1.89±0.46 indicating a low physical activity level. SGRQ was 20.1±10.8%. There was no resting dyspnoea. Multivariate regression identified significant associations between V′ O _{2 peak} and FEV ₁ (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), SGRQ (p=0.005), female sex (p=0.002) and age (p=0.033). Conclusions: In these patients, cardiorespiratory fitness was impaired mainly due to ventilatory limitations. Lung function, upper and lower limb muscle strength, BMI, quality of life, sex and age were all associated with fitness level.