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Lars Olav Eik
Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), LANDSAM, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway

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Journal article
Published: 26 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Agriculture is vital to global food production. Around 550 million smallholding households produce most of the world’s food, and many rely on livestock rearing for a living. Smallholder farms must survive and thrive to maintain and increase food production. Baseline information is vital for further extension service interventions. The goal of this Malawian study was to collect quantitative baseline data on crop and livestock production, agriproduct sales, and other indicators through a household survey, and to compare the efficacy (in terms of income) of using the concept of “Lead and Follow” farmer training programs. The baseline study survey was carried out in 44 sections of 11 extension planning areas from Malawi’s five districts (Dowa, Kasungu, Mchinji, Mzimba, and Rumphi). In total, 1131 smallholder households were interviewed. Crop production, livestock farming, and providing casual labor for others were all identified as significant sources of income for smallholders, implying that all agriproducts (the whole-farm approach) is equally important for improving smallholder livelihoods. On the one hand, the whole-farm approach should improve smallholders’ resilience regarding climate change and poverty. Lower agriproduct sales, on the other hand, indicated that links to the market were frequently poor but an increased market focus should help smallholders sell their produce at a fair margin. In terms of best practices adoption, both Lead and Follow farmers adopted similar farm practices (crops and livestock) to increase income. In general, no significant difference in income was calculated from many farm enterprises for both Lead and Follow farmers. However, the income from pigs and firewood was significantly higher for Follow farmers than for Lead farmers. Lead farmers reported significantly higher off-farm income sources. Significant changes are proposed to the “Lead farmer extension approach”.

ACS Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti; Sosheel Solomon Godfrey; Ryan H. L. Ip; Chipo Kachiwala; Håvard Hovdhaugen; Liveness J. Banda; Moses Limuwa; Peter C. Wynn; Tormod Ådnøy; Lars Olav Eik. Diversity of Sources of Income for Smallholder Farming Communities in Malawi: Importance for Improved Livelihood. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9599 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti, Sosheel Solomon Godfrey, Ryan H. L. Ip, Chipo Kachiwala, Håvard Hovdhaugen, Liveness J. Banda, Moses Limuwa, Peter C. Wynn, Tormod Ådnøy, Lars Olav Eik. Diversity of Sources of Income for Smallholder Farming Communities in Malawi: Importance for Improved Livelihood. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti; Sosheel Solomon Godfrey; Ryan H. L. Ip; Chipo Kachiwala; Håvard Hovdhaugen; Liveness J. Banda; Moses Limuwa; Peter C. Wynn; Tormod Ådnøy; Lars Olav Eik. 2021. "Diversity of Sources of Income for Smallholder Farming Communities in Malawi: Importance for Improved Livelihood." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9599.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Norway has vast rangeland resources (292,361 km2) with an estimated carrying capacity of nearly four million sheep and lambs, twice the current number. However, the intensive production system currently applied has led to more concentrate dependency, resulting in heavier animals in addition to poorer utilization of rangelands and homegrown feed. Intensive feeding systems indirectly influence the sustainability of ecosystems by promoting intensive cropping that can deplete soil fertility and threaten landscape preservation and biodiversity. By contrast, extensive grazing systems can produce environmentally and animal-friendly food products and contribute to regulating soil health, water and nutrient cycling, soil carbon sequestration, and recreational environments. In this paper, the economics of current sheep feeding practices in Norway, using a linear programming model, were compared with more extensive systems which allow for higher usage of on-farm feed resources. Changes in current sheep farming practices have the potential to increase lamb meat production relative to mutton production, in addition to improving the year-round supply of fresh meat. The investigated alternatives, using the Norwegian White Sheep (NWS) breed, suggest that delayed lambing is useful only on farms with abundant pastures available for autumn feeding. Lambs achieve a better market price than hoggets and mature sheep. Therefore, based on the current Norwegian meat market and price offered per kilogram of meat for lamb, an increase in NWS lamb production improves farm profits. On the other hand, when the aim is on greater use of homegrown feed and rangelands, this can be achieved through hogget production, and the quantity of concentrates required can be reduced substantially.

ACS Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti; Lars Olav Eik; Geir Steinheim; Tormod Ådnøy; Reinert Horneland; Peter Wynn; David L. Hopkins; Leif Jarle Asheim. Rangeland Grazing Strategies to Lower the Dependency on Imported Concentrates in Norwegian Sheep Meat Production. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5340 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti, Lars Olav Eik, Geir Steinheim, Tormod Ådnøy, Reinert Horneland, Peter Wynn, David L. Hopkins, Leif Jarle Asheim. Rangeland Grazing Strategies to Lower the Dependency on Imported Concentrates in Norwegian Sheep Meat Production. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti; Lars Olav Eik; Geir Steinheim; Tormod Ådnøy; Reinert Horneland; Peter Wynn; David L. Hopkins; Leif Jarle Asheim. 2020. "Rangeland Grazing Strategies to Lower the Dependency on Imported Concentrates in Norwegian Sheep Meat Production." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5340.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2020 in Sustainability
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The morphological and productive aspects of Norwegian sheep have developed over time and adapted to the diverse environment of the country. Before 1900, native Norwegian sheep were crossed with UK breeds to attain higher body weight and reproductive efficiency. Subsequent selection programs eventually led to the creation of the heavier (adults often >90 kg) Norwegian White Sheep (NWS), today constituting 70% of the recorded ewes. The modern Norwegian (White) Spæl (NS) sheep, mostly

ACS Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti; Lars Olav Eik; Geir Steinheim; Tormod Ådnøy; David L. Hopkins; Leif Jarle Asheim. Management Strategies to Improve the Economics of Sheep Farms in Norwegian Coastal and Fjord Areas—The Effect of Animal Size and Capacities for Rangeland Utilisation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3713 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti, Lars Olav Eik, Geir Steinheim, Tormod Ådnøy, David L. Hopkins, Leif Jarle Asheim. Management Strategies to Improve the Economics of Sheep Farms in Norwegian Coastal and Fjord Areas—The Effect of Animal Size and Capacities for Rangeland Utilisation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3713.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Azher Bhatti; Lars Olav Eik; Geir Steinheim; Tormod Ådnøy; David L. Hopkins; Leif Jarle Asheim. 2020. "Management Strategies to Improve the Economics of Sheep Farms in Norwegian Coastal and Fjord Areas—The Effect of Animal Size and Capacities for Rangeland Utilisation." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3713.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2019 in Agriculture
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This paper assesses the ability of fodder plants to reduce methane (CH4) emissions while simultaneously improving animal productivity in Ethiopia. Enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants in Ethiopia increased by 12% or ≈ 6197 Gg CO2-eq. in 2017 compared to the year 2011. In this study, six tropical multipurpose forages (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Moringa stenopetala (Bak.f.) Cuf., Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr., Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Crotalaria juncea L., and Lablab purpureus L.(Sweet)) and maize stover were characterized in terms of chemical composition, in vitro CH4 production, and CH4 concentration (%). The objective was to identify forages with low CH4 production potential but with adequate forage quality. The forages differed significantly in chemical composition and in enteric CH4 emission. The dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) ranged between 89.4–95.4%, 6.08–12.5%, 3.3–30.7%, 20.4–76.0%, 10.8–44.8, and 2.9–14.1%, respectively. All forage plants, except maize stover, contained high CP content above a threshold value (i.e., 7%). Cajanus c. generates the lowest amount of CH4 (32.83 mL/0.2 g DM incubated). CH4 concentration (%) was used as a potential indicator to determine the capacity of a plant to lower CH4 production. Among the studied species, L. purpureus showed the highest CH4 reduction potential (16%) followed by C. juncea (23.45%), M. stenopetala (24.2%), and L. leucocephala (25.5%). Moringa s. was the most frequently preferred by the farmers followed by C. juncea and L. leucocephala. We concluded that M. stenopetala, C. juncea, and L. leucocephala can be promoted as valuable feed resources for ruminants while simultaneously reducing CH4 emissions.

ACS Style

Yonas Berhanu; Lars Olav; Ajebu Nurfeta; Ayana Angassa; Jens B. Aune. Methane Emissions from Ruminant Livestock in Ethiopia: Promising Forage Species to Reduce CH4 Emissions. Agriculture 2019, 9, 130 .

AMA Style

Yonas Berhanu, Lars Olav, Ajebu Nurfeta, Ayana Angassa, Jens B. Aune. Methane Emissions from Ruminant Livestock in Ethiopia: Promising Forage Species to Reduce CH4 Emissions. Agriculture. 2019; 9 (6):130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yonas Berhanu; Lars Olav; Ajebu Nurfeta; Ayana Angassa; Jens B. Aune. 2019. "Methane Emissions from Ruminant Livestock in Ethiopia: Promising Forage Species to Reduce CH4 Emissions." Agriculture 9, no. 6: 130.

Review
Published: 14 March 2019 in Sustainability
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Norway is the largest sheep meat producer among Nordic countries with more than 1.3 million lambs and sheep slaughtered in 2017. The sheep industry is limited by the need for in-house feeding during the winter months. In summer, Norwegian sheep are mainly kept on rangeland pastures, with sufficient feed for almost double the current sheep population. Lambs are slaughtered over a three- to four-month period from September to December with a peak in September–October, providing a surplus of lamb, much of which is subsequently frozen, followed by eight months during which fresh produce is in limited supply. Norwegian consumers eat an average of 5.4 kg of sheep meat per person per year, much of which is purchased as a frozen product. The Muslim (4.2% of the population) preference for year-round halal meat, with an increased demand on the eve of the Muslim meat festival (Eid al-Adha), has the potential to boost demand, particularly in Oslo. This paper provides an overview of the Norwegian sheep farming system, the current market value chains, and the potential to meet the demand for halal meat in Norway (specifically during the Muslim meat festival—Eid al-Adha) to the advantage of both consumers and sheep farmers.

ACS Style

Muhammad Bhatti; Thomas Williams; David Hopkins; Leif Asheim; Geir Steinheim; Michael Campbell; Lars Eik; Peter Wynn; Tormod Ådnøy. Adapting Seasonal Sheep Production to Year-Round Fresh Meat and Halal Market in Norway. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1554 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Bhatti, Thomas Williams, David Hopkins, Leif Asheim, Geir Steinheim, Michael Campbell, Lars Eik, Peter Wynn, Tormod Ådnøy. Adapting Seasonal Sheep Production to Year-Round Fresh Meat and Halal Market in Norway. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Bhatti; Thomas Williams; David Hopkins; Leif Asheim; Geir Steinheim; Michael Campbell; Lars Eik; Peter Wynn; Tormod Ådnøy. 2019. "Adapting Seasonal Sheep Production to Year-Round Fresh Meat and Halal Market in Norway." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1554.

Articles
Published: 08 September 2014 in Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
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This research was undertaken to understand variation in local knowledge between two ethnic/livelihood, gender, and age groups on indigenous fodder trees and shrubs (IFTS) and correlate local criteria-based valuation with laboratory-based valuation. The study involved 160 respondents, formal interviews, species identification tests, and scoring of trees. Fodder samples taken from the top 20 preferred species were scanned using NIRS (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) and their nutritive value was assessed. ANOVA, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis median comparison test, and Spearman's rank correlation were used to analyze the data. Local people used diverse criteria falling under three categories: animal-based (5), plant-based (4), and multipurpose criteria (11). Knowledge of fodder trees varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the two ethnic/livelihood groups and gender, but not between age groups. Ziziphus spina-christi and Cordia gharaf were the most locally preferred species for both ethnic/livelihood groups. Local criteria and NIRS-based valuation of IFTS were weakly correlated, suggesting that species selected only on their nutritive merit may not be preferred and adopted by farmers and pastoralists.

ACS Style

Mulubrhan Balehegn; Lars Olav Eik; Yayneshet Tesfay. There is more in fodder trees than their nutritional values: local valuation of indigenous fodder trees and shrubs by pastoral and agrarian communities in northern Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 2014, 24, 112 -127.

AMA Style

Mulubrhan Balehegn, Lars Olav Eik, Yayneshet Tesfay. There is more in fodder trees than their nutritional values: local valuation of indigenous fodder trees and shrubs by pastoral and agrarian communities in northern Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 2014; 24 (2):112-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulubrhan Balehegn; Lars Olav Eik; Yayneshet Tesfay. 2014. "There is more in fodder trees than their nutritional values: local valuation of indigenous fodder trees and shrubs by pastoral and agrarian communities in northern Ethiopia." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 24, no. 2: 112-127.

Book chapter
Published: 03 September 2014 in Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa
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The study was conducted to elucidate the effects of grazing on natural pastures alone versus total stall feeding on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Tanzania Zebu steers. In this experiment, 27 steers were distributed into 2 dietary groups; stall feeding (SF) and natural pasture feeding (NP). Animals in SF were totally confined in the feedlot with free access to wheat straw as a basal diet and supplemented with concentrate mixture, while those in NP were freely grazed on natural pasture. Animals in SF displayed 500 g higher average daily gain (ADG) and four units higher dressing percentage than those in NP. The marbling scores, hind leg length (HL), and hind leg circumference (Circ.) was also statistically higher among animals in SF than among those in NP (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, postmortem temperature was observed to decline more rapidly among animals in NP than in SF. However, postmortem carcass pH, meat tenderness, meat color, meat chemical composition (moisture content, dry matter (DM), ash, Ether Extract (EE), and Crude Protein (CP)) were independent of concentrate supplementation (P > 0.05). The high performance of the SF group in terms of ADG, dressing percentage, and intramuscular fat deposition was associated with utilization of high energy rich concentrate and improved utilization of wheat straw following concentrate supplementation. It was concluded that, in addition to the manipulation of the animals’ body through nutrition, other factors such as reducing pre-slaughter stress and appropriate ageing of meat should be manipulated to improve the meat quality of indigenous Zebu cattle.

ACS Style

Ismail Saidi Selemani; Lars Olav Eik; Øystein Holand; Tormod Ådnøy; Ephraim J. Mtengeti; Daniel E. Mushi; Sørheim Oddvin. Feeding Strategies for Improved Beef Productivity and Reduced GHG Emission in Tanzania: Effect of Type of Finish-Feeding on Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Zebu Steers. Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa 2014, 367 -382.

AMA Style

Ismail Saidi Selemani, Lars Olav Eik, Øystein Holand, Tormod Ådnøy, Ephraim J. Mtengeti, Daniel E. Mushi, Sørheim Oddvin. Feeding Strategies for Improved Beef Productivity and Reduced GHG Emission in Tanzania: Effect of Type of Finish-Feeding on Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Zebu Steers. Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa. 2014; ():367-382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ismail Saidi Selemani; Lars Olav Eik; Øystein Holand; Tormod Ådnøy; Ephraim J. Mtengeti; Daniel E. Mushi; Sørheim Oddvin. 2014. "Feeding Strategies for Improved Beef Productivity and Reduced GHG Emission in Tanzania: Effect of Type of Finish-Feeding on Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Zebu Steers." Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa , no. : 367-382.

Book chapter
Published: 03 September 2014 in Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa
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Climate change (CC) directly impacts the economy, ecosystems, water resources, weather events, health issues, desertification, sea level rise, and even political and social stability. The effects of CC affect different groups of societies differently. In Tanzania, the effects of CC have even acquired a gender dimension, whereby women are viewed as more vulnerable than men because of socioeconomic and historic barriers. CC is largely caused by anthropogenic activities, including those that increase the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Recent findings indicate that the livestock sector is responsible for 18 % of GHG emissions measured in the CO2 equivalent. Moreover, some gases emitted by livestock have higher potential to warm the atmosphere than CO2 and have a very long atmospheric lifetime. Methane (CH4) has 23 times the global warming potential (GWP) of CO2, whereas nitrous oxide (N2O) has 296 times the GWP of CO2. It is now estimated that the atmospheric concentrations of CH4 and N2O are increasing at a rate of approximately 0.6 % and 0.25 % per year, respectively. Cattle may emit CH4 from enteric fermentation equivalent to 2–12 % of the ingested energy, whereas produced manure can emit N2O up to 1.25 % of its weight. The estimated total CH4 and N2O emissions from Tanzanian ruminants stand at 26.17 Gg and 0.57 Gg, respectively. In this paper, we first very briefly review emissions of GHGs from different livestock production systems in Tanzania with the view of identifying the main hot spots. Then, we concentrate on the available adaptation options and the limitations on the adoption of such adaptation options in Tanzania. Emission of these GHGs per unit product varies with the level of intensification, the types of livestock kept, and manure management. Intensification of livestock production reduces the size of the land required to sustain a livestock unit and frees up the land necessary for carbon sequestration. In Tanzania, such intensification could take the form of the early harvesting and storing forage for dry-season feeding. The advantage of this intervention is twofold: young harvests have higher digestibility and emit less CH4 when fed to ruminants than mature lignified forage; use of stored roughage in the dry season will reduce the desertification of rangeland and deforestation that occur when livestock search for pastureland. Dry-season supplementation of ruminants with energy and protein-rich diets will reduce CH4 emission. The chemical treatment of crops byproducts will increase the crops’ digestibility and reduce CH4 emission from ruminants. Crossbreds of indigenous and exotic breeds are more efficient converters of feed into products like meat and milk, with less GHG emitted per unit product. The use of manure for biogas production will reduce the emission of both CH4 and N2O into the atmosphere. Shifting from liquid to solid manure management has the potential to reduce CH4 emissions. Most of these interventions, however, are not cost neutral – enhancing awareness alone will not lead to their widespread adoption. In the absence of subsidies, the adoption of these interventions will depend on the relative cost of other options. Although some traditional livestock systems in Tanzania are already coping with the impact of CC, such efforts are handicapped by inadequate resources, poor coordination, and implementation of competing measure

ACS Style

Daniel E. Mushi; Lars Olav Eik; A. Bernue´s; R. Ripoll-Bosch; F. Sundstøl; M. Mo. Reducing GHG Emissions from Traditional Livestock Systems to Mitigate Changing Climate and Biodiversity. Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa 2014, 343 -365.

AMA Style

Daniel E. Mushi, Lars Olav Eik, A. Bernue´s, R. Ripoll-Bosch, F. Sundstøl, M. Mo. Reducing GHG Emissions from Traditional Livestock Systems to Mitigate Changing Climate and Biodiversity. Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa. 2014; ():343-365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel E. Mushi; Lars Olav Eik; A. Bernue´s; R. Ripoll-Bosch; F. Sundstøl; M. Mo. 2014. "Reducing GHG Emissions from Traditional Livestock Systems to Mitigate Changing Climate and Biodiversity." Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa , no. : 343-365.

Book chapter
Published: 03 September 2014 in Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa
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Intensification of livestock production reduces the amount of land required to sustain a livestock unit and frees up the land necessary for carbon sequestration. Transforming the goat sector from meat only to a dual-purpose system with both milk and meat is reported to increase food production per unit of land. Dairy goats have been widely adopted among smallholders in Tanzania and are now gaining popularity in Malawi. High mortalities due to poor feeding of goat-kids have been identified as a major challenge and therefore kid rearing systems of different milking systems for dairy goats and use of different creep feeds and alternate rearing systems for meat goat on Likoma Island were evaluated. In study I, the methods used were (a) suckling one teat twice daily and milking the other teat; (b) suckling in daytime only and morning-milking of dams, and (c) early weaning and bottle-rearing using goat’s milk. In study II, three different types of locally available creep feed supplements were evaluated for animals grazed on unimproved rangeland. The third study qualitative differences in kid rearing systems for local goats, with or without milking, were evaluated on Likoma Island in Malawi using a semi-structured questionnaire. In study I, kid growth rates, ranging from 62 to 76 g/day did not significantly differ; one teat milking provided the most milk for human consumption and artificial rearing was found to be the most labor intensive and therefore not recommended under small-holder conditions. Goat farmers on Likoma Island preferred faster kid growth to more milk for human consumption. It is concluded that successful kid rearing systems should address farmer milk utilization and kid growth and evaluate locally available feeds for creep feeding and dam feeding.

ACS Style

Fanny C. Chigwa; Lars Olav Eik; G. C. Kifaro; V. C. M. Muhikambele; Daniel E. Mushi. Alternative Goat Kid-Rearing Systems for Improved Performance and Milk Sharing Between Humans and Offspring in Climate Change Mitigation. Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa 2014, 331 -341.

AMA Style

Fanny C. Chigwa, Lars Olav Eik, G. C. Kifaro, V. C. M. Muhikambele, Daniel E. Mushi. Alternative Goat Kid-Rearing Systems for Improved Performance and Milk Sharing Between Humans and Offspring in Climate Change Mitigation. Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa. 2014; ():331-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fanny C. Chigwa; Lars Olav Eik; G. C. Kifaro; V. C. M. Muhikambele; Daniel E. Mushi. 2014. "Alternative Goat Kid-Rearing Systems for Improved Performance and Milk Sharing Between Humans and Offspring in Climate Change Mitigation." Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa , no. : 331-341.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 09 April 2014 in Tropical Animal Health and Production
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Ficus thonningii (FT) is an important multipurpose fodder tree providing economic and ecological benefits across arid and semi-arid areas in Africa. Despite its availability in many Sub-Saharan African countries, there is lack of information on its effect on animal productivity. Twenty-four male weaned highland goats of age 7 ± 1.5 months were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design. All animals were fed wheat straw, water, and salt licks ad libitum. The control group (T1) was fed concentrate mixture at 2 % of their body weight, while in T2, T3, and T4, 25, 50, and 75 % of the weight of concentrate (DM basis), respectively, was replaced by sun dried FT leaf meal. FT leaf meal had acceptable levels crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and tannins and has resulted in increased body weight in all treatments. Goats fed T3 diet showed significantly higher (P F. thonningii can be used to replace commercial concentrate mixture up to 50 % to improve feed intake and productivity of Ethiopian highland goats.

ACS Style

Mulubrhan Balehegn; Lars Olav Eik; Yayneshet Tesfay. Replacing commercial concentrate by Ficus thonningii improved productivity of goats in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2014, 46, 889 -894.

AMA Style

Mulubrhan Balehegn, Lars Olav Eik, Yayneshet Tesfay. Replacing commercial concentrate by Ficus thonningii improved productivity of goats in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2014; 46 (5):889-894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulubrhan Balehegn; Lars Olav Eik; Yayneshet Tesfay. 2014. "Replacing commercial concentrate by Ficus thonningii improved productivity of goats in Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, no. 5: 889-894.