The integration of three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques into the domains of biomedical research and personalized medicine highlights the evolving paradigm shifts within contemporary healthcare. This technological advancement signifies potential breakthroughs in patient-specific therapeutic interventions and innovations. This systematic review offers a critical assessment of the existing literature, elucidating the present status, inherent challenges, and prospective avenues of 3D printing in augmenting biomedical applications and formulating tailored medical strategies. Based on an exhaustive literature analysis comprising empirical studies, case studies, and extensive reviews from the past decade, pivotal sectors including tissue engineering, prosthetic development, drug delivery systems, and customized medical apparatuses are delineated. The advent of 3D printing provides precision in the fabrication of patient-centric implants, bio-structures, and devices, thereby mitigating associated risks. Concurrently, it facilitates the ideation of individualized drug delivery paradigms to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Notwithstanding these advancements, issues concerning material biocompatibility, regulatory compliance, and the economic implications of avant-garde printing techniques persist. To fully harness the transformative potential of 3D printing in healthcare, collaborative endeavors amongst academicians, clinicians, industrial entities, and regulatory bodies are paramount. With continued research and innovation, 3D printing is poised to redefine the trajectories of biomedical science and patient-centric care. The paper aims to justify the research objective of whether to what extent the integration of 3D printing technology in biomedicine enhances patient-specific treatment and contributes to improved healthcare outcomes.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired glucose metabolism. Overproduction of free radicals due to chronic hyperglycemia may cause oxidative stress, which delays wound healing in diabetic conditions. For people with diabetes, this impeded wound healing is one of the predominant reasons for mortality and morbidity. The study aimed to develop an Ocimum sanctum leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) and further incorporate them into 2% chitosan (CS) gel for diabetic wound healing. UV-visible spectrum analysis recorded the sharp peak at 235 and 320 nm, and this was the preliminary sign for the biosynthesis of TiO₂ NPs. The FTIR analysis was used to perform a qualitative validation of the biosynthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles. XRD analysis indicated the crystallinity of TiO₂ NPs in anatase form. Microscopic investigation revealed that TiO₂ NPs were spherical and polygonal in shape, with sizes ranging from 75 to 123 nm. The EDX analysis of green synthesized NPs showed the presence of TiO₂ NPs, demonstrating the peak of titanium ion and oxygen. The hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI) of the TiO₂ NPs were found to be 130.3 nm and 0.237, respectively. The developed TiO₂ NPs containing CS gel exhibited the desired thixotropic properties with pseudoplastic behavior. In vivo wound healing studies and histopathological investigations of healed wounds demonstrated the excellent wound-healing efficacy of TiO₂ NPs containing CS gel in diabetic rats.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily associated with aging. This devastating condition is characterized by significant memory loss, abnormal behavior, personality shifts, and a decline in cognitive function. Despite extensive research, no cure for Alzheimer’s disease currently exists, and available treatment options have shown limited effectiveness. Developing therapeutic interventions to slow down or prevent the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease is crucial to address the growing burden of this condition. Ayurvedic medicinal herbs have emerged as a promising avenue for drug research, with numerous compounds derived from these herbs currently undergoing clinical trials. Scientific studies have explored the potential application of various Ayurvedic medicinal plants and their derivatives in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Although the precise mechanisms of action remain largely unknown, extensive phytochemical investigations have identified a wide range of beneficial compounds within these plants. These compounds include lignans, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, and alkaloids, each exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities. These activities encompass anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, anticholinesterase, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. This review highlights the phytochemistry and ethnomedicinal applications of various plants, along with their bioactive compounds. It underscores the potential of Ayurveda, one of the world’s oldest holistic healing systems, in identifying effective therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. The promising pharmacological activities of Ayurvedic medicinal herbs and their constituents suggest their potential as novel treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. These findings offer hope for addressing the challenges posed by this debilitating condition. Graphical Abstract

Background: Xanthones, natural or synthetic, due to their wide range of biological activities, have become an interesting subject of investigation for many researchers. Xanthonic scaffold has proven to have a vital role in anticancer drug development since many of its derivatives have shown anticancer activities on various cell lines. In addition, targeting epigenetic markers in cancer has yielded promising results. There have also been reports on the impact of xanthone and related polyphenolic compounds on epigenetics markers in cancer prevention and therapy. Objective: The objective of this review is to comprehensively highlight the main natural and nonnatural sources of xanthones having potential anti-cancer effects along with their key structural elements, structure-activity relationships (SARs), mechanisms of action, and epigenetic profile of xanthone- based anti-cancer compounds. The challenges and future directions of xanthone-based therapies are also discussed briefly. Method: The methods involved in the preparation of the present review included the collection of all recent information up to November 2021 from various scientific databases, indexed periodicals, and search engines such as Medline Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Results: Exploration of the diversity of the xanthone scaffold led to the identification of several derivatives having prominent anti-cancer activity. Their unique structural diversity and synthetic modifications showed the ongoing endeavour of enriching the chemical diversity of the xanthone molecular framework to discover pharmacologically interesting compounds. However, studies regarding their modes of action, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical data, epigenetics, and safety are limited. Conclusion: Elucidation of the exact biological mechanisms and the associated targets of xanthones will yield better opportunities for these compounds to be developed as potential anticancer drugs. Further clinical studies with conclusive results are required to implement xanthones as treatment modalities in cancer.

Diabetes is a severe metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes, a life-threatening metabolic condition. There are a variety of oral hypoglycemic drugs in the market for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including biguanides, sulphonylurea, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. On the other hand, these conventional methods of treating diabetes are costly and associated with a variety of long-term issues, whereas medicinal herbs used to treat diabetes are inexpensive and have no harmful consequences or side effects. Because of the existence of different therapeutically relevant active phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other compounds in medicinal plants, they can be used in treating diabetes. Various medicinal plants used to treat diabetes mellitus and their bioactive components are discussed in this review article. In this review, the prospects of these medicinal plants, as well as the challenges associated with their use, are discussed.