Bioinspired nanocarriersare emerging as transformative tools in drug delivery, leveraging natural biological structures and functions to overcome critical limitations of conventional therapeutic systems. This review critically examines three leading approaches, e.g., cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMNPs), exosome-mimicking nanocarriers (EMNCs), and peptide-functionalized nanocarriers, highlighting their design principles, functionalization strategies, and biomedical applications. By systematically analyzing recent advances, we identify common advantages such as improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced targeting specificity, and increased biocompatibility, as well as persistent challenges including rapid clearance, non-specific biodistribution, and suboptimal intracellular delivery. Comparative evaluation reveals that CMNPs excel in immune evasion and circulation time, EMNCs show superior performance in crossing complex biological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier, and peptide-functionalized systems offer enhanced selective accumulation and intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents. We further outline key translational hurdles, including scaling up production, ensuring batch-to-batch consistency, meeting regulatory standards, and long-term stability. Overall, this review provides a framework for integrating biomimetic strategies into next-generation nanomedicine, offering guidance for the rational design of safer, and clinically translatable personalized drug delivery systems.

Diabetes is a severe metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes, a life-threatening metabolic condition. There are a variety of oral hypoglycemic drugs in the market for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including biguanides, sulphonylurea, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. On the other hand, these conventional methods of treating diabetes are costly and associated with a variety of long-term issues, whereas medicinal herbs used to treat diabetes are inexpensive and have no harmful consequences or side effects. Because of the existence of different therapeutically relevant active phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other compounds in medicinal plants, they can be used in treating diabetes. Various medicinal plants used to treat diabetes mellitus and their bioactive components are discussed in this review article. In this review, the prospects of these medicinal plants, as well as the challenges associated with their use, are discussed.

The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing has transformed modern dentistry by introducing innovative approaches that enhance customization, precision, and efficiency in clinical and educational settings. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent developments and emerging trends in 3D printing applications within dentistry. It explores key domains, including Applications in Orthodontics, Applications in Crown Production, Applications in Implants and Surgical Guides, 3D Printing Applications in Dentures, and Applications in Dental Models and Educational Tools. In orthodontics, 3D printing facilitates the production of patient-specific aligners, brackets, and retainers, improving treatment accuracy and reducing turnaround times. In crown production, the integration of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) with additive manufacturing allows for the fabrication of highly precise and esthetic prosthetic crowns with rapid chairside delivery. One of the most impactful uses is seen in implants and surgical guides, where 3D printing supports the creation of customized surgical templates and implant components, thus enhancing procedural outcomes and reducing surgical risks. 3D printing has revolutionized denture fabrication by enabling the production of complete and partial dentures with improved fit, material efficiency, and reduced laboratory time. In dental education, the technology is increasingly employed to produce anatomical models, simulated teeth, and other educational tools that improve student training and diagnostic planning. The novelty of this review lies in its integrative perspective linking technical advancements with practical dental applications and highlighting material innovations such as nanocomposites and biocompatible polymers. It also discussed future prospects such as AI-driven design optimization and the role of smart materials in expanding clinical applicability. By presenting a structured overview across multiple specialties, this paper offers valuable insights into how 3D printing is reshaping the future of dental care and education.

Background: Gallic acid is a natural phenolic compound found in several fruits and me-dicinal plants. It is reported to have several health-promoting effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic properties in gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Aims: The aim of the present work was to study the influence of formulation factors on the physi-cochemical properties of gallic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in order to optimize the formula-tion. Methods: Active chitosan nanoparticles could be used to support the modification of gallic acid delivery. The nanoparticles were prepared by the emulsification-solvent evaporation method using sonication. A 3-factor, 2-level BBD (Box-Behnken Design) was applied for exploring and opti-mizing the main effects, quadratic effects, as well as interaction effects of the ingredients of the formulation on the performance of the nanoparticles. The responses like particle size, poly-dispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were also determined. Results: The concentration of gallic acid nanoparticles seems to be the most critical element affect-ing their properties. The concentration of chitosan was increased, which resulted in an increase in particle size. The optimised drug-loaded nanoparticles have a zeta potential of -5.2 mV due to their largely negative surface charge. Although the measured zeta potential was low, the nanoparticle dispersion remained stable, and no significant change in the shape or particle size of the gallic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was seen after two weeks at 4°C. The gallic acid-loaded nanoparticles have a particle size of 230 nm. Gallic acid reduced the particle size after it was added. One probable explanation for this is that the loaded medicine increased the cohesive force of the hydrophobic con-tact, resulting in the size reduction. A formulation was optimised based on the acquired results, and the experimental values were comparable to the expected values. FTIR examination revealed that gallic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles displayed both hydrogen bond and ionic interactions, al-lowing for active agent encapsulation and augmentation. Conclusions: The overall results indicated that by decreasing the chitosan concentration, drug en-trapment efficiency increased and gallic acid concentration was the main factor influencing particle size, while entrapment efficiency was predominantly affected by the chitosan concentration.