Open-pit mining is an important form of coal mining in China, and its damage to the ecological environment is particularly obvious in alpine regions. The ecological restoration of alpine open-pit coal mines faces severe challenges, and its restoration effect will directly affect the ecological security of China. Meanwhile, comprehensive and system-oriented evaluation of ecological restoration effects is still insufficient in current research. In this study, we selected different quantities of assessment factors on the two scales of ecological project area and ecological impact area to evaluate the ecological restoration effect of an alpine open-pit coal mine. Then, we formed a multi-scale and multi-dimensional ecological restoration effect assessment model of the alpine open-pit coal mine and used this model to analyze the implementation effect of the ecological restoration project of the Baiyinhua No. 2 Open-pit Mine. The results show that the multi-scale and multi-dimensional ecological restoration effect assessment model of alpine open-pit coal mine proposed in this study can accurately characterize the restoration effect of open-pit coal mines in alpine regions and can also be used as a significant evaluation tool in the future ecological construction of mining areas. This study hopes the multi-scale and multi-dimensional ecological restoration effect assessment model of alpine open-pit coal mine can provide a comprehensive, systematic, and scientific evaluation method for the ecological restoration of alpine open-pit coal mines and provide a scientific basis for the ecological restoration and green development of relevant mining areas.

The Chongming Island Landsenses Ecol-industrial Park is a demonstration park which integrates many kinds of industrial functions to realize the scientific development of clean energy and ecological agriculture, including photovoltaic power generation, freshwater aquaculture, and sightseeing agriculture. In order to establish an Ecol-industrial park with an intergrowth between production process and ecological construction, resource utilization and green development, as well as industrial function design and landsense creation, this study aims to plan and design the landsenses of the Chongming Island Landsenses Ecol-industrial Park based on the landsenses idea of ‘the sun-moon shine together on the five continents’ and the technology of Environmental Internet of Things. The Chongming Island Landsenses Ecol-industrial Park incorporates various industrial models and areas, including an ecological photovoltaic demonstration area, a landsenses ecology demonstration area, and a Popular Science recreation area, which would create a demonstration park for the industrialization of ecological resources, the ecologicalization of industries, and the characteristic services of landsenses. This study addresses the value-added services of ecological asset and the integration of industry in the traditional industrial park, and provides a theoretical and technical demonstration of industrial planning and landsense design for other industrial parks in the future.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) rapidly develop globally to address societal challenges and provide human well-being and biodiversity. Watershed restoration plays an essential role in enhancing the ecological and socio-economic benefits of the region. The design and implementation of watershed restoration projects are crucial to their effectiveness, and NbS has been applied as a concept in ecosystem-related projects. This paper proposes an evaluation method to assess the implementation of the Shan-Shui Initiative in the Jiulong River Watershed restoration projects based on the eight criteria proposed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions. The aim is to standardize the implementation process of watershed restoration projects to achieve more significant benefits and practically apply the concept of NbS in watershed restoration. The implementation scheme of the Shan-Shui Initiative in the Jiulong River Watershed is designed to evaluate and improve the design and implementation scheme of ecological restoration projects in the actual basin. According to the assessment results, the degree of matching based on NbS for the implementation scheme of the Jiulong River Watershed Shan-Shui Initiative is 73%, which meets the criteria of NbS but needs to be improved in terms of monitoring and assessment, synergistic management, and benefit trade-offs.

Since the theory of sustainable development was proposed, large-scale ecological restoration projects have improved the quality and flow of ecosystem services. The primary issue that needs to be addressed in the next phase of ecological restoration decisions is how to further improve the conservation efficiency of ecological restoration projects. Evaluating the value of ecosystem services helps recognize the links between regions and assess the effectiveness of ecological restoration. By describing the general condition of ecosystem operation, we can strengthen the argumentation and planning of ecological restoration measures. Watershed-scale ecological restoration project is an essential part of spatial ecological restoration in China. However, the valuation of ecosystem services at the watershed scale has rarely been studied compared to the restoration scale. This paper selects the Ling River Basin, a key implementation area for ecological restoration projects in Chinese watersheds, as the study area. The important ecological restoration projects during the 40 years from 1980 to 2020 are reviewed. Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing images were used as the primary data source and generated by manual visual interpretation. The value of 11 ecosystem service functions was calculated using the unit area equivalent factor method, and the impact of watershed ecological restoration on ecosystem services was analyzed. The results show that: (1) The value of ecosystem services in the Ling River Basin showed a trend of "first decreasing then increasing" from 1980 to 2020; (2) the value of ecosystem services in the Ling River Basin increased by 9.74 billion yuan in 40 years; (3) Grassland area decreased the most from 1980 to 2020, by 3550.53 km2 (-55%), mainly concentrated in 2005-2010, with a decrease of 3527.24 km2 (-54.8%) in 5 years; arable land area decreased the second most, compared with the largest arable land area in 1990 decreased by 525.95 km2 (-5%); (4) The ecological restoration project in the Ling River basin has the greatest impact on the regulating services, with a change of 36.9%, mainly affecting the hydrological regulating function. This is followed by cultural services, with a change of 35.1%, mainly due to the increase in cultural values brought about by the increase in watershed and woodland areas. The impact on support services is relatively small, with a change of 25.7%. The lowest impact on supply services, with a change of 11.8%, mainly affects water supply capacity; (5) Food production value showed an opposite trend to the other ten ESV changes; (6) Hydrological regulation, climate regulation, and soil conservation are important ecosystem service functions in the Ling River basin, contributing more than 65% of the annual ecosystem service value; (7) Ecological restoration measures in the Ling River basin have a positive impact on ecosystem service value.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) rapidly develop globally to address societal challenges and provide human well-being and biodiversity. Watershed restoration plays an essential role in enhancing the ecological and socio-economic benefits of the region. The design and implementation of watershed restoration projects play a crucial role in their effectiveness, and NbS has been applied as a concept in ecosystem-related projects. This paper provides an idea to evaluate the design or implementation of watershed restoration projects based on the eight criteria proposed by the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions and to adjust the projects based on the evaluation results. The aim is to standardize the implementation process of watershed restoration projects to achieve more significant benefits and practically apply the concept of NbS in watershed restoration. implementation scheme of the Shan-Shui Initiative in the Jiulong River Watershed and concludes that the method is feasible in evaluating and improving the design and implementation scheme of ecological restoration projects in the actual basin. According to the assessment results, the degree of matching based on NbS for the implementation scheme of the Jiulong River Watershed Shan-Shui Initiative is 73%, which meets the criteria of NbS but needs to be improved in terms of monitoring and assessment, synergistic management, and benefit trade-offs.