Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative aging disorder that manifests as motor and non-motor symptoms, and its etiopathogenesis is influenced by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Signal pathway and gene sequence studies have proposed that alteration of ncRNAs is relevant to the occurrence and development of PD. Furthermore, many studies on brain tissues and body fluids from patients with PD indicate that variations in ncRNAs and their target genes could trigger or exacerbate neurodegenerative pathogenesis and serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers of PD. Numerous ncRNAs have been considered regulators of apoptosis, α-syn misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and neuroinflammation in PD etiology, and evidence is mounting for the determination of the role of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms in disease development. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and function of ncRNAs as well as ceRNA networks in PD pathogenesis, focusing on microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs to increase the understanding of the disease and propose potential target identification and treatment in the early stages of PD.

Rationale: The transcatheter closure and atrioseptopexy are the main treatment methods for atrial septal defect (ASD). However, persistent hypoxemia due to iatrogenic diversion of inferior vena cava (IVC) to the left atrium (LA) is reported as a rare complication after ASD closure. Contrast echocardiology is a reliable and powerful tool to detect iatrogenic diversion and identify the etiology accurately. Patient concerns: We reported 2 patients (a 11-year-old boy [Patient 1] and a 39-year-old female [Patient 2]) with persistent hypoxemia and exertional dyspnea after ASD transcatheter closure and robotic atrioseptopexy, respectively. Diagnoses: Contrast echocardiography confirmed the presence of a right-to-left shunt at the atrial level which was presented only in femoral venous contrast injection instead of upper extremity venous contrast injection. Interventions and Outcomes: Subsequent surgical exploration found that the occluder straddling the entry of IVC and the fibrous membrane proliferating along the lower edge of the occlude in the first patient, and the patch improperly linked to the Eustachian valve in the second patient. The misoperation led to IVC partially draining into LA. After the surgeries, both of them had their hypoxic symptoms relieved. Lessons: Persistent unexplained hypoxemia after ASD closure might be considered to result from a right-to-left shunt. An iatrogenic right-to-left shunt flow from the IVC to the LA was usually caused by the misplaced interatrial occluder or patch. Transthoracic agitated saline contrast echocardiography via combined peripheral venous access has the well-performed capability to hint some insidious right-to-left shunts and guides clinical therapy as soon as possible.

Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), structures consisting of a nanoparticle core chemically modified with a dense shell of nucleic acids, are central to the fields of structural nanomedicine and colloidal crystal engineering with DNA. However, the synthetic methods used to prepare them often require different oligonucleotide immobilization chemistries for each type of core. Here, a general strategy to construct SNAs using metal–phenolic (MP) coatings is introduced. The polymeric shell formed through coordination bonds between polyphenols and metal ions (e.g., Fe ³⁺ ) can be used to modify the surfaces of a wide variety of particles, spanning a diverse range of sizes, shapes, compositions, and surface charges (e.g., gold spheres and cubes, silica, polystyrene, and melamine resin). Importantly, these shells, regardless of nanoparticle core, can be conjugated to thiolated DNA via Michael addition chemistry. MP‐SNAs retain many of the hallmark properties of conventional SNAs, including enhanced cellular uptake, and serve as versatile building blocks for the programmable assembly of a diverse library of nanoparticles and microparticles into larger and more sophisticated superstructures.

Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), structures consisting of a nanoparticle core chemically modified with a dense shell of nucleic acids, are central to the fields of structural nanomedicine and colloidal crystal engineering with DNA. However, the synthetic methods used to prepare them often require different oligonucleotide immobilization chemistries for each type of core. Here, a general strategy to construct SNAs using metal–phenolic (MP) coatings is introduced. The polymeric shell formed through coordination bonds between polyphenols and metal ions (e.g., Fe ³⁺ ) can be used to modify the surfaces of a wide variety of particles, spanning a diverse range of sizes, shapes, compositions, and surface charges (e.g., gold spheres and cubes, silica, polystyrene, and melamine resin). Importantly, these shells, regardless of nanoparticle core, can be conjugated to thiolated DNA via Michael addition chemistry. MP‐SNAs retain many of the hallmark properties of conventional SNAs, including enhanced cellular uptake, and serve as versatile building blocks for the programmable assembly of a diverse library of nanoparticles and microparticles into larger and more sophisticated superstructures.