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Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention owing to their excellent characteristics as transportation vehicles and due to their energy storage capacity. Unfortunately, this massive deployment of EVs leads to significantly high electricity demand due to their charging requirements, particularly when they are charged uncoordinatedly. In addition, the concentrated charging of EVs can potentially decrease the quality of electricity, including frequency and voltage, in addition to causing other electrical grid problems. These conditions have motivated the development of technology and policies for minimizing these negative impacts. In this chapter, an advanced quick charging system for EVs that utilizes batteries to support the simultaneous fast charging of EVs has been described, including a description of its performance under different contracted electricity capacities, ambient temperatures (seasons), and high charging demand. In addition, the charging and discharging behaviors of EVs under different ambient temperatures have been explained. Our findings suggest that charging at high ambient temperature (e.g., during summer) allows a significantly higher charging rate than charging performed at low ambient temperature (e.g., during winter). A higher charging rate leads to shorter charging time. Furthermore, the battery-assisted charging system exhibited excellent performance because it enabled optimum quick charging during simultaneous charging in addition to maintaining the contracted electricity of the charger.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda. Advanced Battery-Assisted Quick Charger for Electric Vehicles. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 201 -224.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda. Advanced Battery-Assisted Quick Charger for Electric Vehicles. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():201-224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda. 2018. "Advanced Battery-Assisted Quick Charger for Electric Vehicles." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 201-224.
Novel carbon-free integrated system of hydrogen production and storage from low rank coal is proposed and evaluated. To measure the optimum energy efficiency, two different systems employing different chemical looping technologies are modeled. The first integrated system consists of coal drying, gasification, syngas chemical looping, and hydrogenation. On the other hand, the second system combines coal drying, coal direct chemical looping, and hydrogenation. In addition, in order to cover the consumed electricity and recover the energy, combined cycle is adopted as addition module for power generation. The objective of the study is to find the best system having the highest performance in terms of total energy efficiency, including hydrogen production efficiency and power generation efficiency. To achieve a thorough energy/heat circulation throughout each module and the whole integrated system, enhanced process integration technology is employed. It basically incorporates two core basic technologies: exergy recovery and process integration. Several operating parameters including target moisture content in drying module, operating pressure in chemical looping module, are observed in terms of their influence to energy efficiency. From process modeling and calculation, two integrated systems can realize high total energy efficiency, higher than 60%. However, the system employing coal direct chemical looping represents higher energy efficiency, including hydrogen production and power generation, which is about 83%. In addition, optimum target moisture content in drying and operating pressure in chemical looping also have been defined.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. Carbon-free hydrogen production from low rank coal. AIP Conference Proceedings 2018, 1931, 020005 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Takao Kashiwagi. Carbon-free hydrogen production from low rank coal. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018; 1931 (1):020005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. 2018. "Carbon-free hydrogen production from low rank coal." AIP Conference Proceedings 1931, no. 1: 020005.
Electric vehicle (EV) has received an intensive attention and been deployed globally due to its beneficial characteristics including higher energy efficiency and lower environmental impacts. However, massive charging of EV leads to several problems to electrical grid because of huge amount of electricity demand and its fluctuation. Therefore, charging management for EVs is urgently demanded. In this study, a novel battery-supported quick-charging system is developed and its performance in single and simultaneous multiple EVs charging is evaluated. The objective of battery installment includes maintaining the charging rate and reducing the burden of electrical grid due to EV charging. In addition, charging behavior of EV under different seasons (winter and summer) is clarified initially. As the results of the study, environmental ambient temperature influences strongly the behavior of EV charging. Charging during summer leads to higher charging rate, hence, shorter charging time. Furthermore, the developed charging system is able to facilitate simultaneous quick-charging for EVs in both winter and summer compared to conventional quick charging system.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda. Simultaneous quick-charging system for electric vehicle. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 1811 -1816.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda. Simultaneous quick-charging system for electric vehicle. Energy Procedia. 2017; 142 ():1811-1816.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda. 2017. "Simultaneous quick-charging system for electric vehicle." Energy Procedia 142, no. : 1811-1816.
The fast-increasing introduction of renewable energy sources (RESes) leads to some problems in electrical power network due to fluctuating generated power. A power system must be operated with provision of various reserve powers like governor free capacity, load frequency control and spinning reserve. Therefore, the generator’s schedule (unit commitment schedule) should include the consideration of the various power reserves. In addition, it is necessary to calculate the annual operational costs of electric power systems by solving the unit commitment per week of thermal power generators and pumped storages in order to compare and examine the variance of the operational costs and the operating ratio of the generators throughout the year. This study proposes a novel annual analysis for the thermal power generator and pumped storages under a massive introduction of RESes. A weekly unit commitment schedule (start/stop planning) for thermal power generator and pumped storages has been modeled and calculated for one year evaluation. To solve the generator start/stop planning problem, Tabu search and interior point methods are adopted to solve the operation planning for thermal power generators and the output decision for pumped storages, respectively. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can analyze a one-year evaluation within practical time. In addition, by assuming load frequency control (LFC) constraints to cope with photovoltaic (PV) output fluctuations, the impact of the intensity of LFC constraints on the operational cost of the thermal power generator has been elucidated. The increment of the operational cost of the power supply with increasing PV introduction amount has been shown in concrete terms.
Takashi Mitani; Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Atsuki Uetsuji; Yoko Watanabe; Takao Kashiwagi. Annual Assessment of Large-Scale Introduction of Renewable Energy: Modeling of Unit Commitment Schedule for Thermal Power Generators and Pumped Storages. Energies 2017, 10, 738 .
AMA StyleTakashi Mitani, Muhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Atsuki Uetsuji, Yoko Watanabe, Takao Kashiwagi. Annual Assessment of Large-Scale Introduction of Renewable Energy: Modeling of Unit Commitment Schedule for Thermal Power Generators and Pumped Storages. Energies. 2017; 10 (6):738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakashi Mitani; Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Atsuki Uetsuji; Yoko Watanabe; Takao Kashiwagi. 2017. "Annual Assessment of Large-Scale Introduction of Renewable Energy: Modeling of Unit Commitment Schedule for Thermal Power Generators and Pumped Storages." Energies 10, no. 6: 738.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda. Load Leveling Utilizing Electric Vehicles and their Used Batteries. Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda. Load Leveling Utilizing Electric Vehicles and their Used Batteries. Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda. 2016. "Load Leveling Utilizing Electric Vehicles and their Used Batteries." Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications , no. : 1.
A battery-assisted charging system has been developed to improve the charging performance of a quick charger for electric vehicles. The developed system mainly consists of an alternating current-to-direct current inverter, a direct current-to-direct current voltage converter, a stationary battery, and an electric vehicle charger. The difference in charging rates in different seasons (winter and summer) was determined initially to measure the effect of electric vehicle battery temperature (influenced by surrounding temperature) on the charging rate. The charging rate during summer was higher than that during winter. In addition, simultaneous charging experiments were performed in different seasons (winter and summer) and for different contracted power capacities (50, 30, and 15 kW). Compared to a conventional charging system, the developed system can improve the charging performance of electric vehicle chargers in terms of the charging rate, while maintaining the contracted power capacity.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Masakazu Ito. Battery-assisted charging system for simultaneous charging of electric vehicles. Energy 2016, 100, 82 -90.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Masakazu Ito. Battery-assisted charging system for simultaneous charging of electric vehicles. Energy. 2016; 100 ():82-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Masakazu Ito. 2016. "Battery-assisted charging system for simultaneous charging of electric vehicles." Energy 100, no. : 82-90.
The increasing global demand for palm oil and its products has led to a significant growth in palm plantations and palm oil production. Unfortunately, these bring serious environmental problems, largely because of the large amounts of waste material produced, including palm kernel shell (PKS). In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the PKS co-firing of a 300 MWe pulverized coal-fired power plant in terms of thermal behavior of the plant and the CO2, CO, O2, NOx, and SOx produced. Five different PKS mass fractions were evaluated: 0%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50%. The results suggest that PKS co-firing is favorable in terms of both thermal behavior and exhaust gas emissions. A PKS mass fraction of 25% showed the best combustion characteristics in terms of temperature and the production of CO2, CO, and SOx. However, relatively large amounts of thermal NOx were produced by high temperature oxidation. Considering all these factors, PKS mass fractions of 10%–15% emerged as the most appropriate co-firing condition. The PKS supply capacity of the palm mills surrounding the power plants is a further parameter to be considered when setting the fuel mix.
Muhammad Aziz; Dwika Budianto; Takuya Oda. Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Co-Firing of Palm Kernel Shell and Coal. Energies 2016, 9, 137 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Dwika Budianto, Takuya Oda. Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Co-Firing of Palm Kernel Shell and Coal. Energies. 2016; 9 (3):137.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Dwika Budianto; Takuya Oda. 2016. "Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Co-Firing of Palm Kernel Shell and Coal." Energies 9, no. 3: 137.
Co-firing of palm kernel shell (PKS) into 7 MW existing pulverized-coal boiler has been modeled and analyzed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Co-firing of coal and PKS is a complex chemical reaction involving both gas and solid phases with turbulence effect along the combustor. In numerical simulation, two-steps global reaction mechanisms for homogeneous (volatile matter) and heterogeneous (char) combustion, turbulence and radiation heat transfer are considered. Moreover, five different mass fractions of PKS to coal are observed: 0 (fully coal), 10, 15, 25 and 50%, respectively. In this study, the analysis is focused on the comparative prediction related to the distribution of temperature, velocity and produced gases of CO2, CO, SO2. As the result, higher PKS mass fraction leads to a favorable combustion in terms of combustion temperature and produced gases exhausted from the combustor.
Dwika Budianto; Muhammad Aziz; Cahyadi; Takuya Oda. Numerical Investigation of Co-Firing of Palm Kernel Shell into Pulverized Coal Combustion. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 2016, 95, 605 -614.
AMA StyleDwika Budianto, Muhammad Aziz, Cahyadi, Takuya Oda. Numerical Investigation of Co-Firing of Palm Kernel Shell into Pulverized Coal Combustion. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy. 2016; 95 (8):605-614.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDwika Budianto; Muhammad Aziz; Cahyadi; Takuya Oda. 2016. "Numerical Investigation of Co-Firing of Palm Kernel Shell into Pulverized Coal Combustion." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 95, no. 8: 605-614.
A highly energy-efficient integrated energy utilization system consisting of drying, gasification and combined cycle for algae is proposed. The integration is performed based on the concept of exergy recovery and process integration technologies. The energy involved in each process is basically recovered thoroughly through exergy recovery. In addition, the unrecoverable energy in a single process will be utilized in other processes using the principle of process integration. The combination of these technologies can minimize the total exergy destruction throughout the integrated system. Hence, significant improvement in energy efficiency can be achieved leading to high total power generation efficiency. Alga Laminaria digitata was used as sample during process calculation. Two main analyses have been performed relating to drying performance and total power generation. As the results of the study, the proposed integrated-system showed a very high energy efficiency. A significantly positive energy harvesting from algae with the total power generation efficiency of about 40% can be achieved.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takashi Mitani; Takumi Kurokawa; Norihiro Kawasaki; Takao Kashiwagi. Enhanced Energy Utilization System of Algae: Integrated Drying, Gasification and Combined Cycle. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 906 -911.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Takashi Mitani, Takumi Kurokawa, Norihiro Kawasaki, Takao Kashiwagi. Enhanced Energy Utilization System of Algae: Integrated Drying, Gasification and Combined Cycle. Energy Procedia. 2015; 75 ():906-911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takashi Mitani; Takumi Kurokawa; Norihiro Kawasaki; Takao Kashiwagi. 2015. "Enhanced Energy Utilization System of Algae: Integrated Drying, Gasification and Combined Cycle." Energy Procedia 75, no. : 906-911.
The utilization of electric vehicles (EV) and their used batteries in supporting small-scale energy management systems were studied. Both theoretical study and practical demonstration were performed to measure the feasibility of the developed system. Each five EVs and used EV batteries were used along with 20 kW photovoltaic (PV) panels as a renewable energy source. The main objective of the developed system is performing a peak-load shifting by utilizing EVs, used EV batteries and PV panels. The planning of load leveling was performed 24 h ahead for each 30 min period. The studies showed that the application of EVs and used EV batteries in supporting certain small-scale energy management systems is feasible. In addition, some findings during the demonstration test were listed and analyzed for the purpose of further system development and deployment.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takashi Mitani; Yoko Watanabe; Takao Kashiwagi. Utilization of Electric Vehicles and Their Used Batteries for Peak-Load Shifting. Energies 2015, 8, 3720 -3738.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Takashi Mitani, Yoko Watanabe, Takao Kashiwagi. Utilization of Electric Vehicles and Their Used Batteries for Peak-Load Shifting. Energies. 2015; 8 (5):3720-3738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takashi Mitani; Yoko Watanabe; Takao Kashiwagi. 2015. "Utilization of Electric Vehicles and Their Used Batteries for Peak-Load Shifting." Energies 8, no. 5: 3720-3738.
State-of-the-art integrated macroalgae utilization processes, consisting of drying, gasification, and combined cycle, are proposed and their performance with respect to energy efficiency are evaluated. To achieve high exergy efficiency, the integration is performed through two main principles: exergy recovery and process integration. Initially, the energy involved in one process is recirculated intensively through exergy elevation and effective heat coupling. Furthermore, the unrecoverable energy from one process will be utilized in the other processes through process integration. As the result, the total exergy destruction from the whole integrated processes can be minimized significantly leading to significant improvement in energy efficiency. The first analysis relates to the performance of integrated drying process, especially the influence of target moisture content to energy consumption. Furthermore, the influences of gasification fluidization velocity to the total generated power and power generation efficiency are also calculated. As the results of study, the proposed integrated-processes proved a very high energy efficiency. A positive energy harvesting with the total power generation efficiency of about 40% could be achieved.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. Advanced Energy Harvesting from Macroalgae—Innovative Integration of Drying, Gasification and Combined Cycle. Energies 2014, 7, 8217 -8235.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Takao Kashiwagi. Advanced Energy Harvesting from Macroalgae—Innovative Integration of Drying, Gasification and Combined Cycle. Energies. 2014; 7 (12):8217-8235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. 2014. "Advanced Energy Harvesting from Macroalgae—Innovative Integration of Drying, Gasification and Combined Cycle." Energies 7, no. 12: 8217-8235.
Muhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. Energy-Efficient Low Rank Coal Drying Based on Enhanced Vapor Recompression Technology. Drying Technology 2014, 32, 1621 -1631.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aziz, Takuya Oda, Takao Kashiwagi. Energy-Efficient Low Rank Coal Drying Based on Enhanced Vapor Recompression Technology. Drying Technology. 2014; 32 (13):1621-1631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aziz; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. 2014. "Energy-Efficient Low Rank Coal Drying Based on Enhanced Vapor Recompression Technology." Drying Technology 32, no. 13: 1621-1631.
Takuya Oda; Masakazu Ito; Norihiro Kawasaki; Takahiko Miyazaki; Takao Kashiwagi. Potential estimation of hourly blank storage space and charge loads of EVs using road traffic census and vehicles status. Electrical Engineering in Japan 2012, 182, 30 -38.
AMA StyleTakuya Oda, Masakazu Ito, Norihiro Kawasaki, Takahiko Miyazaki, Takao Kashiwagi. Potential estimation of hourly blank storage space and charge loads of EVs using road traffic census and vehicles status. Electrical Engineering in Japan. 2012; 182 (3):30-38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakuya Oda; Masakazu Ito; Norihiro Kawasaki; Takahiko Miyazaki; Takao Kashiwagi. 2012. "Potential estimation of hourly blank storage space and charge loads of EVs using road traffic census and vehicles status." Electrical Engineering in Japan 182, no. 3: 30-38.
The study investigated the effect of the improved partial load COP of adsorption chillers on the cogeneration system in an office building. The partial load COP of the adsorption chiller was maximized by optimizing the cycle time. The COP of the adsorption chiller was increased with smaller partial load ratios by the extended cycle time. The performance of the cogeneration system with an adsorption chiller was analyzed by simulation, and the energy saving ratio of the system was presented. The energy saving ratio was compared with that by the cogeneration system with an absorption chiller. The results showed that the adsorption chiller was advantageous given that the adsorption chiller had the same rated COP value as the absorption chiller.
Takahiko Miyazaki; Atsushi Akisawa; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. B105 Improvement of Energy Saving Effects of Cogeneration Systems in the Residential and Commercial Sector by the Optimum Operation of Adsorption Chillers. The Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2008, 2008.13, 67 -70.
AMA StyleTakahiko Miyazaki, Atsushi Akisawa, Takuya Oda, Takao Kashiwagi. B105 Improvement of Energy Saving Effects of Cogeneration Systems in the Residential and Commercial Sector by the Optimum Operation of Adsorption Chillers. The Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems. 2008; 2008.13 ():67-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakahiko Miyazaki; Atsushi Akisawa; Takuya Oda; Takao Kashiwagi. 2008. "B105 Improvement of Energy Saving Effects of Cogeneration Systems in the Residential and Commercial Sector by the Optimum Operation of Adsorption Chillers." The Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2008.13, no. : 67-70.
The rapid spread of CHP systems will put pressure on the regional power system to require an examination of the power and heat output of CHP systems. When considering the countrywide potential of the CHP system, one should examine such a system in coordination with the grid power system. It is essential to calculate the heat and power demand at end‐use level. In this paper, annual heat and power demands of end‐use sectors are forecast to the year 2025 based on 20‐year data. Regression analysis is used. Estimated annual demands are divided into the seasonal hourly demands considering demand characteristics. Daily load curves of heat and power demands are determined for the Japanese end‐use sectors, and the annual changes of such demands are shown by duration curves of heat‐to‐power ratios. Moreover, the grid power daily load curves are computed numerically from the estimated heat and power demands for the manufacturing, residential, and commercial sectors. Such load curves also consider self‐generated power for the manufacturing industry and self‐consumption of the grid power. Estimating heat and power demands allows for a joint analysis between the power system and the future phasing in of CHP systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 18–30, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20162
Takuya Oda; Atsushi Akisawa; Takao Kashiwagi. Method to estimate long-term change of heat and electric power daily load curves in Japan. Electrical Engineering in Japan 2005, 153, 18 -30.
AMA StyleTakuya Oda, Atsushi Akisawa, Takao Kashiwagi. Method to estimate long-term change of heat and electric power daily load curves in Japan. Electrical Engineering in Japan. 2005; 153 (3):18-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakuya Oda; Atsushi Akisawa; Takao Kashiwagi. 2005. "Method to estimate long-term change of heat and electric power daily load curves in Japan." Electrical Engineering in Japan 153, no. 3: 18-30.
The total efficiency of a co-generation system is commonly estimated using average heat and power demands. It is known that the estimated total efficiency greatly differs when using hourly average demand as opposed to annual demand data, owing to demand fluctuation.The aim is to determine the numerical values of the error when examining the total efficiency of co-generation system; and to explain analytically why the error arises.In the paper, based on mathematical model, the error is modeled as the ratio of the estimated total efficiency to the real total efficiency. The error was given by: (1) the heat to power ratios of the site and of the co-generation system itself; (2) the efficiencies of co-generation electric power and of auxiliary boiler; and (3) the demands fluctuation rates of the site.Estimated total efficiency is overestimated. The error achieves its maximum value when the heat to power ratio of demand and of the co-generation system match. The error is nearly constant, when a heat to power ratio at the site is higher than the heat to power ratio of the co-generation system itself. Such error varies by 10% when considering a gas turbine co-generation system, if demands fluctuate by 10% from their respective average demands.
Takuya Oda; Atsushi Akisawa; Takao Kashiwagi. Determining the Error in Total Efficiency Levels under Changing Heat and Power Demands at a Co-generation System. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 2004, 83, 423 -428.
AMA StyleTakuya Oda, Atsushi Akisawa, Takao Kashiwagi. Determining the Error in Total Efficiency Levels under Changing Heat and Power Demands at a Co-generation System. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy. 2004; 83 (6):423-428.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakuya Oda; Atsushi Akisawa; Takao Kashiwagi. 2004. "Determining the Error in Total Efficiency Levels under Changing Heat and Power Demands at a Co-generation System." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 83, no. 6: 423-428.
The rapid spread of CHP systems will put pressure on the regional power system to requiring an examination of the power and heat output of CHP systems. When considering the country-wide potential of the CHP system one should examine such system in coordination with the grid power system. It is essential to calculate the heat and power demand at end-use level. In the paper, annual heat and power demands of end-use sectors are forecast to the year 2025 based on 20 year data. Regression analysis is used. Estimated annual demands are divided into the seasonal hourly demands considering demand characteristics. Daily load curves of heat and power demands are determined for the Japanese end-use sectors, and the annual changes of such demands are shown by duration curves of heat to power ratios. Moreover, the grid power daily load curves are computed numerically from the estimated heat and power demands at manufacturing, residential and commercial sectors. Such load curves also consider self-generated power at manufacturing industry and own consumption of the grid power. Estimating heat and power demands allow for a joint analysis between the power system and the future phasing in of CHP systems.
Takuya Oda; Atushi Akisawa; Takao Kashiwagi. Method to Estimate Long-term Change of Heat and Electric Power Daily Load Curves in Japan. IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 2004, 124, 937 -946.
AMA StyleTakuya Oda, Atushi Akisawa, Takao Kashiwagi. Method to Estimate Long-term Change of Heat and Electric Power Daily Load Curves in Japan. IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy. 2004; 124 (7):937-946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakuya Oda; Atushi Akisawa; Takao Kashiwagi. 2004. "Method to Estimate Long-term Change of Heat and Electric Power Daily Load Curves in Japan." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 124, no. 7: 937-946.