This study was designed to assess the suppressive effects of various anaerobically digested slurries (ADSs), and the microorganisms inhabiting them, against Fusarium wilt in spinach. We used five different ADSs from a range of source materials (dairy cow manure, sewage sludge, food garbage, pig manure, night soil sludge), combined in different proportions. All five raw ADSs suppressed the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (Fos) on agar plates using a co-culture test. In contrast, filtrate ADSs did not suppress the growth of Fos. In total, 32 bacterial strains were isolated from five ADSs, and eight isolates showed antagonistic activities against Fos. Based on 16S rDNA sequences, the strain AD-3 isolated from ADS from dairy cow manure belonged to Bacillus velezensis. Genome analysis revealed that AD-3 had two kinds of genes related to the production of the non-ribosomal lipopeptides, fengycin/plipastatin (pps genes), and surfactin (srf genes). In pot assays, inoculation of AD-3 (1.0 × 10⁶ CFU·g⁻¹ dry soil) into Fos-infected soil (1.0 × 10⁵ bud-cells·g⁻¹ dry soil) significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt disease at 28 d after seedling. The percentage reductions in disease severity in two replicates were 64.3% and 44.3%, respectively. Thus, bacterial strain AD-3 could be applied to reduce Fusarium wilt in spinach.

The growing global population has a persistently negative impact on the economy and ecology due to food waste. This topic has recently received much attention from around the world. For both homes and the food processing industry, recycling food waste is crucial to waste management. This study aims to show how dehydrated food scraps and leftovers can be used as raw materials for trench compost to enhance soil quality and reduce leachate and greenhouse gas emissions. The results showed that the pre-treatment and air temperature significantly affected the finished trench compost products’ EC, pH, and nutrient content. Pretreated dried leftover at 80°C after trench compost was found to have the highest value of CNH, S (36.53%), and micronutrients (0.103404%) when compared to micronutrients in the final product of pre-treatment dried leftover at 80℃ after trench compost that was (0.057273%). Dehydrated leftovers from trench compost were thought to have nutrient content that would improve soil quality, slow decomposition, and reduce odor, thus enabling more frequent trash collection.

The use of anaerobically digested slurries (ADSs) is promising strategies in resource management and agricultural production. ADSs has a potential as alternatives to chemical fertilizer. ADSs from various source materials suppressed the growth of some plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. ADS filtrates did not suppress them, indicating the effect was caused not by water-soluble substances in ADSs. In pot experiment, the efficacy of ADS from dairy cow manure (AD) for Fusarium wilt of spinach was assessed. Applying 8% (w/w) of AD significantly reduced pathogen density in soil and promoted the growth of spinach. Inoculation of a bacterial isolate AD-3 from AD, which showed high suppressiveness against Fusarium spp. in vitro, effectively controlled the disease. Based on the results, AD-3 strain is related to the disease control ability of AD that belonged to Bacillus velezensis. ADSs can supply not only plant nutrients but also antagonistic microbes. For crop production, ADSs application would be effective to infected soil. It was effective for improving ADS handling that ADS was absorbed to foamed glass and dried at 60C. To apply ADS to farmland for crop production, these findings are promising for sustainable agriculture.

This study was designed to assess the suppressive effects of various anaerobically digested slurries (ADSs), and the microorganisms inhabiting them, against Fusarium wilt in spinach. We used five different ADSs from a range of source materials (dairy cow manure, sewage sludge, food garbage, pig manure, night soil sludge), combined in different proportions. All five raw ADSs suppressed the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (Fos) on agar plates using a co-culture test. In contrast, filtrate ADSs did not suppress the growth of Fos. In total, 32 bacterial strains were isolated from five ADSs, and 8 isolates showed antagonistic activities against Fos. Based on 16S rDNA sequences, the strain AD-3 isolated from ADS from dairy cow manure belonged to Bacillus velezensis. Genome analysis revealed that AD-3 had two kinds of genes related to the production of the non-ribosomal lipopeptides, fengycin/plipastatin (pps genes), and surfactin (srf genes). In pot assays, inoculation of AD-3 (1.0 × 106 CFU·g−1 dry soil) into Fos-infected soil (1.0 × 105 bud-cells·g−1 dry soil) significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt disease at 28 d after seedling. The percentage reductions in disease severity in two replicates were 64.3% and 44.3%, respectively. Thus, bacterial strain AD-3 could be applied to reduce Fusarium wilt in spinach.