Globally, the organic food market is the most successful green market. Young consumers, the decision-makers of the future, are perceived as being more environmentally concerned than older cohorts. The aim of this study was to consider young consumers’ attitudes and behaviours concerning organic food, where the organic food market in the UK is more mature than in Poland. Empirical research was conducted using a web-based survey questionnaire (CAWI) with consumers (n = 973) in both countries. The associations between four constructs (general pro-social attitudes, green consumption values, receptivity to green communication, and buying behaviour) were considered using CB-SEM. We extended the model with two new constructs to explain young consumers’ purchases of organic food. UK respondents are significantly more conscious green consumers with higher environmental attitude intensity than Polish residents. Intensity of pro-environmental attitude components influences directly and indirectly the choice of organic food. People with a higher intensity of pro-environmental attitudes are significantly more likely to choose organic food. Perception of organic food influences purchases only in Poland. The components of pro-environmental attitudes and perception of organic food alone do not explain the variability in behaviour, despite a good fit of the model. This suggests that other independent variables may be of influence.

Artykuł przestawia wyniki zastosowania modelowania równań strukturalnych PLS-SEM oraz analizy modeli wielu grup za pomocą algorytmu PLS-MGA w odniesieniu do badań eksploracyjnych powiązań między satysfakcją z pracy a zaangażowaniem pracownika mierzonym w trzech wymiarach zgodnych z koncepcją skali UWES (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale). Estymowano dwa modele strukturalne różniące się kierunkiem postulowanej zależności, z których do porównań międzygrupowych wybrano model, w którym satysfakcja objaśnia konstrukty UWES. Porównania międzygrupowe wskazują na stabilność części strukturalnej modelu niezależnie od specyfiki organizacji, z której pochodzą dane (badano pracowników trzech przedsiębiorstw o różnej charakterystyce), oraz niezależnie od typu stanowiska pracy (wykonawcze, specjalistyczne, kierownicze).

Background: Numerous publications and analyses conducted in various cultures lead to the conclusion that the latent structure of schemas is not unambiguous. The latest proposal by Bach et al. (2017a) includes 18 schemas and four domains; however, a five domain structure is also acceptable.Aim: The aim of the research was to directly compare both proposals based on the research of a large group of healthy people.Method: The schema questionnaire YSQ-S3 was completed by 2348 people aged 18–81 years, of whom women constituted slightly over 54%.Results: CFA analyses have demonstrated a poor fit to the data of all analysed models, with the model of four correlated domains, which is also characterised by higher loadings (standardised regression loadings), being the closest to fulfil the criteria. Exploratory factor analyses have shown an almost exact reflection of the structure with the assumed four factors; the structure of five factors has not been recreated. The released number of factors indicated a two-factor solution. The additional analysis confirmed positive medium correlations with negative affect and psychopathology symptoms. Negative correlations of self-esteem, positivity scale and positive affect indicate good divergent validity.Conclusion: The analysis confirms the existence of 18 schemas and supports the new four-domain model of the latent structure of schemas as more appropriate than a model consisting of five domains.

(1) Background: Consumer switching behavior was one of the expected outcomes of the ongoing competitive reform in the European electricity industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the intention of consumers to switch from their incumbent supplier, who has a strong market position. This article follows the trend of describing and analyzing the situation of incumbent energy suppliers after energy market liberalization. (2) Methods: The research goal was to verify seven research hypotheses regarding switching intentions on the Polish energy market. For this purpose, structural equation modeling analysis using AMOS 29 was conducted. The survey was carried out in 2020, before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Poland, and the research sample consisted of 1216 adults (clients of the incumbent supplier). (3) Results: Special attention was given to customers’ resistance to change, as it was found to be a factor that can impact customers’ decisions to switch, both directly and indirectly. Resistance to change can affect the trust that customers have in their current supplier’s brand, their perception of the costs involved in switching, and their intention to switch. The research also highlighted the importance of brand trust and perceived ease of change in the customers’ decision-making process. (4) Conclusions: An important factor that reduces switching behavior is the customer’s resistance to change; brand trust is a valuable asset that also reduces switching intention.

Background: The study contributes to the understanding of the relation between neuroticism, early maladaptive schemas and negative emo-tionality. Various studies of schemas and neuroticism with the connection of negative emotionality do not give an answer to the question how these three variables co-exist with each other. The main purpose of the research was to determine whether neuroti-cism strengthens the effect of schemas in the prediction of intensity of anxiety and depression, or whether the roles of these variables are independent of each other.Participants and procedure: 493 healthy participants were included in the study, where 66% were female respondents and the age range was 16-61 years of age (M = 31.00, SD = 11.96). The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form Version (YSQ-S3), the Revised Personality In-ventory (NEO PI-R) by Costa and McCrae and the Personality Inventory (SPI, TPI by Spielberger & Reheiser) were used.Results: The results show a strong relationship between Rejection and Disconnection schemas and negative emotionality, strongly medi-ated by neuroticism. The trigger for the trait of neuroticism is the intensification of depressive traits, understood as a set of emo-tional symptoms, i.e. a high level of anxiety, experiencing frequent anger towards oneself, and simultaneously a strong sense of guilt for negative thoughts resulting in a sense of hopelessness.Conclusions: Most of the problems leading to anxiety or depression symptoms originate in schemas of Rejection and Disconnection and neu-roticism is a strong mediator for negative emotionality.