Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) are a fascinating field of study due to their wide range of practical applications in environmental and medical contexts. This study presents a straightforward, environmentally friendly method for producing Fe₃O₄NPs utilizing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a reducing and capping agent. This approach results in the rapid and effective eco-friendly synthesis of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs. The properties and characteristics of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs were investigated using various methods, including ultraviolet-visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The absorption of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs caused a distinct peak at 349 nm, as evidenced by the results of UV/vis studies. This peak was attributed to the absorption of surface plasmon resonance. The crystalline nature of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs was confirmed through XRD analysis. The SEM and TEM analyses have verified the geometry and structural characteristics of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs. The β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs exhibited remarkable effectiveness in the decomposing efficiency (%) of methylene blue (MB) dye with 52.2, 94.1, and 100% for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs, respectively. In addition, the highest efficiency in hunting radicals was observed (347.2 ± 8.2 mg/g) at 100 mg/mL β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs; the combination of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs exhibited remarkable effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of some bacteria that cause infections. The capabilities of β-CD/Fe₃O₄NPs for various applications showed that these materials could be used in photocatalytic, antioxidants, and antibacterial. Additionally, the eco-friendly synthesis of these materials makes them a promising option for the remediation of harmful pollutants and microbes.

This study explores the novel use of mixed cultures of microalgae—Spirulina platensis, Micractinium, and Chlorella—for nutrient removal from dairy wastewater (DW). Microalgae were isolated from a local wastewater treatment plant and cultivated under various light conditions. The results showed significant biomass production, with mixed cultures achieving the highest biomass (2.51 g/L), followed by Spirulina (1.98 g/L) and Chlorella (1.92 g/L). Supplementing DW (75%) with BG medium (25%) significantly enhanced biomass and pH levels, improving pathogenic bacteria removal. Spirulina and mixed cultures exhibited high nitrogen removal efficiencies of 92.56% and 93.34%, respectively, while Chlorella achieved 86.85% nitrogen and 83.45% phosphorus removal. Although growth rates were lower under phosphorus-limited conditions, the microalgae adapted well to real DW, which is essential for effective algal harvesting. Phosphorus removal efficiencies ranged from 69.56% to 86.67%, with mixed cultures achieving the highest removal. Microbial and coliform removal efficiencies reached 97.81%, with elevated pH levels contributing to significant reductions in fecal E. coli and coliform levels. These findings suggest that integrating microalgae cultivation into DW treatment systems can significantly enhance nutrient and pathogen removal, providing a sustainable solution for wastewater management.

In order to enhance the efficacy of organic solar cells, six new three-dimensional small donor molecules (IT-SM1 to IT-SM6) have been computationally designed by modifying the peripheral acceptors of the reference molecule (IT-SMR). The frontier molecular orbitals revealed that IT-SM2 to IT-SM5 had a smaller band gap (E_gap) than IT-SMR. They also had smaller excitation energies (E_x) and exhibited a bathochromic shift in their absorption maxima (λ_max) when compared to IT-SMR. In both the gas and chloroform phases, IT-SM2 had the largest dipole moment. IT-SM2 also had the best electron mobility, while IT-SM6 had the best hole mobility owing to their smallest reorganization energy for electron (0.1127 eV) and hole (0.0907 eV) mobility, respectively. The analyzed donor molecules' open-circuit voltage (V_OC) indicated that all of these proposed molecules had greater V_OC and fill factor (FF) values than the IT-SMR molecule. In accordance with the evidence of this work, the altered molecules can seem to be quite proficient for usage by experimentalists and have prospective use in future in the manufacture of organic solar cells with improved photovoltaic properties.

The aqueous extract of red algae was used for bio‐inspired manufacturing of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co₃O₄NPs) and for antioxidant, antibacterial, hemolytic potency, and anticancer activity. Typical, characterization techniques include UV‐Vis, SEM, EDAX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Using an X‐ray diffraction assay, the size of the Co₃O₄NPs crystal was determined to range from 23.2 to 11.8 nm. Based on TEM and SEM pictures, biosynthesized Co₃O₄NPs’ had a homogeneous spherical morphology with a 28.8 to 7.6 nm average diameter. Furthermore, Co₃O₄NPs biological properties were investigated, including determining the antibacterial potency using the zone of inhibition (ZOI) method and determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antibacterial activity of Co₃O₄NPs was higher than that of the ciprofloxacin standard. Alternatively, scavenging of DPPH free radical investigation was carried out to test the antioxidant capacitance of Co₃O₄NPs, revealing significant antioxidant ability. The biosynthesized Co₃O₄NPs have a dose‐dependent effect on erythrocyte viability, indicating that this technique is harmless. Furthermore, bioinspired Co₃O₄NPs effectively against HepG2 cancer cells (IC₅₀: 201.3 μg/ml). Co₃O₄NPs would be a therapeutic aid due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

The objective of this research was to explore the impact of corrosion inhibition of some synthetic acrylamide derivatives 2-cyano-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide (ACR-2) and 2-cyano-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylacrylamide (ACR-3) on copper in 1.0 M nitric acid solution using chemical and electrochemical methods, including mass loss as a chemical method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) as electrochemical methods. By Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS) methods, the two compounds were verified and characterized. There is evidence that both compounds were effective corrosion inhibitors for copper in 1.0 M nitric acid (HNO₃) solutions, as indicated by the PP curves, which show that these compounds may be considered mixed-type inhibitors. With the two compounds added, the value of the double-layer capacitance was reduced. In the case of 20 × 10⁻⁵ M, they reached maximum efficiencies of 84.5% and 86.1%, respectively. Having studied its behavior during adsorption on copper, it was concluded that it follows chemical adsorption and Langmuir isotherm. The theoretical computations and the experimental findings were compared using density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations (MC).