Renewable energy systems are technologies that can generate electricity from solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and other renewable energy resources. This research project aims to find the best renewable energy technology combinations for several scenarios in Malaysia. The strategies are analysed by evaluating the investments in the renewable energy systems in each of the decided scenarios in Malaysia, Pekan, Pahang and Mersing, Johor, using HOMER Pro software. The finding shows that the PV–wind hybrid system has a better net present cost (NPC) than the other systems for both scenarios, which are USD −299,762.16 for Scenario 1 and USD −642,247.46 for Scenario 2. The PV–wind hybrid system has 4.86-year and 2.98-year payback periods in Scenarios 1 and 2. A combination of RE technologies yielded fewer emissions than one kind alone. The PV–wind hybrid system provides a quicker payback period, higher money savings, and reduced pollutants. The sensitivity results show that resource availability and capital cost impact NPC and system emissions. This finding reveals that integrated solar and wind technologies can improve the economic performance (e.g., NPC, payback period, present worth) and environmental performance (e.g., carbon dioxide emissions) of a renewable energy system.

As the world shifts towards a more sustainable future, solar energy has emerged as a preeminent and economically feasible alternative to traditional energy sources, gaining widespread adoption. This study presents a reversed circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI) which aims to improve the performance of a bifacial PVT collector. An indoor experiment using a solar simulator to assess the energy, exergy, and economic efficiency of a RCFJI bifacial PVT collector. The study was carried out using a solar irradiance ranging from 500-900W/m2 and a mass flow rate between 0.01-0.14 kg/s. Energy performance-wise, the highest photovoltaic efficiency achieved was 11.38% at solar irradiance of 500 W/m2, while the highest thermal efficiency achieved was 61.4% under 900 W/m2, both obtained at 0.14 kg/s mass flow rate. Regarding exergy performance, the highest photovoltaic exergy obtained was 47.27 W under 900 W/m2 at 0.14 kg/s, while the highest thermal exergy was 9.67 W at 900 W/m2 at 0.01 kg/s. Overall, higher solar irradiance is more desirable for energy and exergy performance. Meanwhile, economic point of view, lower solar irradiance is preferable. Based on the findings, the optimal mass flow rate was 0.06 kg/s.

The increasing prominence of photovoltaic modules as a cornerstone of sustainable energy systems is well-established. Nevertheless, the deleterious impact of thermal dissipation, often resulting in efficiency losses of 10-15%, remains a significant challenge. Many researches were exploring new cooling techniques to improve the efficiency of solar panels. One promising approach is the Multidirectional Tapered Fin Heat Sink (MTFHS). This innovative design can capture wind from multiple directions, making it more effective outdoors. This study aims to investigate the MTFHS for photovoltaic module cooling. A comprehensive numerical model was developed using COMSOL software simulations to investigate the thermal behavior of photovoltaic modules equipped with multidirectional tapered fins. The model was employed to simulate heat transfer under various solar irradiance levels from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 while maintaining a constant 30 ℃ ambient temperature and 1 m/s wind speed to isolate the impact of solar radiation. Additionally, the direction of incoming airflow was systematically varied from 0° to 90° in 18° increments to analyze its influence. The model considered key multidirectional tapered fin design parameters like fin spacing, number of fins, and fin height. Real-world testing further validated the model's predictions. The findings demonstrate that multidirectional tapered fins significantly reduce PV module temperature, achieving a remarkable 8.61% reduction compared to the bare and conventional rectangular fins. The maximum temperature reached with MTFHS was 56.73 ℃. Furthermore, multidirectional tapered fins consistently outperformed other configurations across various wind orientations, achieving temperature reductions of over 10 %. These findings highlight the exceptional effectiveness of multidirectional tapered fins in outdoor environments, especially where wind direction is unpredictable. A correlation analysis revealed excellent agreement (93-96 %) between model and experimental results, further validating the efficacy of the multidirectional tapered fin design.