Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world, providing food for most of the world’s population. Wheat seeds are a popular model object for many experiments to evaluate various factors that improve germination or protect against various adverse stressful effects. Based on the high significance of increasing the productivity of this cereal crop and the applicability of this object, a detailed statistical evaluation of wheat grain (kernel) morphometry was carried out to assess the asymmetry of parameters of this ideal model. Depending on the location of the kernels in the spikelet of a wheat spike, there was a significant asymmetry between the right and left cheeks of the kernels located closer or further from the center of the spikelet. The expressiveness of asymmetry, and consequently, the kernel deformation was higher in the lower kernels of the spikelet. The degree of symmetry; that is, the similarity of the two halves (cheeks) and the kernel as a whole, was higher in kernels located higher in the spikelet. It seems that the reason for this phenomenon lies in the mechanical nature of kernel deformation. The ultrastructure of A-type and B-type starch grains in the central part of the kernel had significant differences between the upper and lower kernels, which indicated in favor of a high probability of differences by the composition and quality of kernels of the same variety when assessed separately. Uniform development of kernels and smaller differences between them may reveal more valuable genotypes in the future, provided their steady reproduction under adverse conditions of a changing climate.

Relevance. Trititrigia (×Trititrigia cziczinii Tzvel.) this is a new synthetic grain feed crop. The modern collection of the Department of Remote hybridization of the GBS RAS has more than 250 promising samples with a number of economically valuable features. The unique ability of trititrigia in one year to produce a stable yield of high-quality grain (3.0-3.2 t/ha) and nutritious green fodder (27.7-35.1 t/ha) allows us to recommend it for cultivation in regions with unfavorable cultivation conditions for grain crops. Promising samples should be used as donors of valuable traits in breeding for quality and adaptability in order to obtain modern high-quality and adaptive wheat varietiesMaterial and methods. The research was carried out in the Department of Remote Hybridization of the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow region, village of Rozhdestveno) in 2008-2016. The objects of research were: promising long-term and grain-feed lines of trititrigia of the collection of MBG RAS. All samples of trititrigia were obtained in the department of distant hybridization in different years.Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the studied samples are stable lines with a characteristic feature for trititrigia to ripen from top to bottom, the ability to grow in one place for 2- 3 years under favorable conditions, as well as the ability to regenerate after harvesting for grain or mowing for green mass, unique for cultivated cereals. The studied samples have a productive bushi- ness of 8-20 stems per plant. The length of the main ear consistently exceeds the Moscow winter wheat standard 39 and averages 12-13 cm, in which 41 to 97 grains are formed. The grain yield in the competitive variety testing during the research was 3.2-4.1 t/ha, the mass of 1000 grains was 30.1-39.8 g. The Pamyati Lubimovoy variety, selected for a number of economically valuable characteris- tics, passed State registration and became the first trititrigia variety registered in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Varietal agricultural technology developed for new varieties is a must for successful promotion of the variety on the market. It should be implemented after successful tests in various soil and climatic conditions. Studies on the study of morphophysiological features of the response of a new variety of spring triticale Timiryazevskaya 42 to nitrogen fertilizers were carried out in two contrasting meteorological conditions of the year. In a dry year, in which the HTC for the growing season was 0.9, it was obtained from 3.17 t/ha of grain in the variant without fertilizers to 3.93 t/ha in the variant with the application of 150 kg/ha of a.i. nitrogen. In a more favorable year, in which the HTC was 2.0, from 30 to 50% more grain was obtained in different variants of the experiment than in the dry one. The yield ranged from 5.49 t/ha (control) to 8.05 t/ha in the variant with the application of 150 kg/ha of a.i. nitrogen. Productivity is made up of productivity elements that, under favorable conditions and good agricultural technology, develop better. In this case, the economic yield tends to the potential value. For spring cereals, the structure that ensures productivity consists of high productive bushiness - 2.0-2.5 pcs/plant, a large number of spikelets per spike and full-fledged grains per spike (3-5 grains), grain weight per ear exceeding 1.8-2 g.

Against the backdrop of growing climatic variability, the identification of genotypes combining high yield with stability and resilience to stress factors has become a central objective of contemporary wheat breeding. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the stability and adaptability of a collection of 13 wheat–wheatgrass hybrids (WWHs, lines) (Triticum aestivum L. (2n = 42)) in comparison with 10 commercial spring bread wheat (Tr. aestivum L.) cultivars under various meteorological conditions. This study was conducted in one location (Moscow region, Russia) over three growing seasons (2020, 2021, and 2022), which included a highly stressful year (2021) characterized by a severe combination of drought and heat during critical growth stages. Statistical analysis employed analysis of variance (ANOVA), clustering, and modern models for assessing the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI)—AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction). The results showed a significant effect of year conditions on all yield components. Under the stressful conditions of 2021, most genotypes exhibited a 30–70% decrease in productivity. Cluster analysis revealed a dynamic regrouping of genotypes depending on the conditions of the growing season. The AMMI model identified genotypes with high stability, such as Sudarinya (ASV = 9.3) and WWH 200 (ASV = 11.2), as well as genotypes specifically adapted to certain conditions: KWS Akvilon (ASV = 52.1) to stressful conditions and WWH 127 (ASV = 55.9) to favorable conditions. Under stress, lines WWH 107, WWH 127, and WWH 2430 exhibited the most adaptive strategies, including compensatory mechanisms, making these hybrids promising for further breeding. In conclusion, although wheat–wheatgrass hybrids demonstrate high productive potential under favorable conditions, their successful use in breeding requires the selection of genotypes that combine productivity and stress resistance. The identified stable and adaptive genotypes are valuable for developing new competitive cultivars under changing climatic conditions.

Wheat is one of the main food crops, the value of which lies in the high content of protein and carbohydrates in the kernel. To improve the quality of kernel processing, it is desirable that all kernels are uniform in shape and quantitative parameters. However, the kernel technological properties are affected by agricultural technology, environmental conditions and genetic characteristics, for example, even within one ear; kernels vary in size and the degree of ripening. Therefore, the aim of this work is to test the relationship between the coefficients (indices) of kernel shape variability in winter wheat lines that were pre-selected in long-term competitive variety trials and to select the best variety accession for further targeted selection to improve the uniformity of kernels. This work examined seven lines and a control variety of winter wheat grown during 2022–2023. Sampling in the field experiment was carried out randomly. The variability of quantitative traits was assessed by the analysis of variance method. It is noted that symmetrical kernels are mainly characteristic of 188h, the intermediate position is occupied by Moskovskaya 56, 150h, 152h, 171h, 184h, 187h and variety sample 151h has clearly expressed asymmetry. Index 5 of the kernel cut has a strong correlation with gluten content (r = 0.74, p = 0.05), index 4 with kernel test weight (r = 0.84, p = 0.01), index 3 with a tillering coefficient (r = 0.83, p = 0.05) and index 1 with plant height (r = 0.81, p = 0.05). An inverse relationship was found for index 2 with kernel vitreousness (r = −0.74, p = 0.05). The kernel test weight has an inverse relationship with the grain area (r = −0.71, p = 0.05). Predictive regression equations on the relationship of plant height, tillering ratio, gluten content and indices are given. While limited by its one-year duration, this study reveals intriguing correlations between grain shape parameters and economically valuable traits in wheat, offering valuable insights for high-throughput phenotyping applications in rapidly advancing agricultural technologies. This article will be useful for breeding for kernel uniformity and, consequently, for increasing the kernels in the ear and the weight of 1000 seeds.

The application efficiency of portable photometric nitrate tester “Spectrolyuks” produced domestically and «Yara» produced foreign for online diagnostics of nitrogen nutrition of agricultural crops in the link of field crop rotation reviewed. The results of a field test conducted in 2012-2015 in the Central Region of Non-Chernozem zone on spring grain crops (barley, triticale) and white mustard, shown the positive effect of a photometric devices application. The data photometric diagnostics obtained in the initial phase of crops development (stem elongation on the barley and triticale, budding on the white mustard) had a strong correlation dependency with crop yield of the link of the field crop rotation and stem diagnostics scores.