Biomaterials and biomembranes play a crucial role in a variety of applications, particularly in the medical field due to their ability to mimic natural biological structures and functions. Crosslinkers play also an important role in enhancing the structural integrity and functionality of biomaterials and in the design of biomembranes. This review article explores the fundamentals of biomaterials and biomembranes, with a particular focus on the role of crosslinkers in biology, chemistry and medicine. We explore the various types of crosslinkers commonly used in biomaterials synthesis, examining their chemical structure, classification, and synthesis methods. Additionally, we analyze the biological properties of crosslinkers and their interactions, highlighting their biological impact, particularly in cellular behavior and cytotoxicity. This article further emphasizes recent advances and innovation, particularly in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. Finally, we conclude by addressing current challenges and suggesting potential futures directions for research in this field.

Electrode material selection and structural designs of electrochemical chips are fundamental parameters in the field of electrochemical sensing. These parameters directly affect sensor conductivity, selectivity, stability, surface area, and overall performance. This article summarizes the most common electrode architectures and commercially available materials currently used in the development of electrochemical sensors, including carbon‐based materials (e.g., boron‐doped diamond, graphite, graphene, glassy carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibers), metal‐based materials and alloys (e.g., gold, platinum, silver, nickel, and metal oxides), conductive polymers (e.g., polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)), and redox dyes and mediators (Prussian blue, Meldola blue, etc.). It highlights the advantages of each category and identifies suitable electrode materials for specific target analytes. Finally, this review aims to guide readers in selecting appropriate electrode materials and designs tailored to a specific application.

Applied electrochemistry (AE) plays today an important role in a wide range of fields, including energy conversion and storage, processes, environment, (bio)analytical chemistry, and many others. Electrochemical synthesis is now proven as a promising pathway to avoid all disadvantages in terms of high energy consumption and high pollution, while electrochemical modeling becomes a powerful tool to understand complex systems and predict and optimize the electrochemical devices under various conditions, which reduce study time and cost. The vital role of electrochemistry will greatly be considered in the upcoming years, aiming to reduce carbon footprints and supporting the transition towards a green and more sustainable energy framework. This review article summarizes the recent advances in applied electrochemistry. It shows how this field has become an indispensable tool for innovation, progress, problem-solving in the modern world, and addressing societal challenges across diverse fields.

In this study, we designed a new biosensing membrane for the development of an electrochemical glucose biosensor. To proceed, we used a chitosan-based hydrogel that entraps glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx), and we crosslinked the whole matrix using glutaraldehyde, which is known for its quick and reactive crosslinking behavior. Then, the stability of the designed biosensors was investigated over time, according to different storage conditions (in PBS solution at temperatures of 4 °C and 37 °C and in the presence or absence of glucose). In some specific conditions, we found that our biosensor is capable of maintaining its stability for more than six months of storage. We also included catalase to protect the biosensing membranes from the enzymatic reaction by-products (e.g., hydrogen peroxide). This design protects the biocatalytic activity of GOx and enhances the lifetime of the biosensor.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely accepted as an effective and non-destructive method to assess cell health during cell-culture. However, there is a lack of compact devices compatible with microfluidic integration and microscopy that could provide the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of cell-cultures using EIS. In this paper, we reported the design and characterization of a modular EIS testing system based on a patented technology. This device was fabricated using easily processable methodologies including screen-printing of the impedance electrodes and molding or micromachining of the cell culture chamber with an easy assembly procedure. Accordingly, to obtain processable, biocompatible and sterilizable electrode materials that lower the impact of interfacial impedance on TEER (Transepithelial electrical resistance) measurements, and to enable concomitant microscopy observations, we optimized the formulation of the electrode inks and the design of the EIS electrodes, respectively. First, electrode materials were based on carbon biocompatible inks enriched with IrOx particles to obtain low interfacial impedance electrodes approaching the performances of classical non-biocompatible Ag/AgCl second-species electrodes. Secondly, we proposed three original electrode designs, which were compared to classical disk electrodes that were optically compatible with microscopy. We assessed the impact of the electrode design on the response of the impedance sensor using COMSOL Multiphysics. Finally, the performance of the impedance spectroscopy devices was assessed in vitro using human airway epithelial cell cultures.