Thyroid cancer (TC) invariably remains the most prevalent endocrine cancer in the world. Major histological forms of TC include papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC), medullary (MTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), each of which has a unique clinical and molecular profile. The incidence rate of TC is higher in females, and unfortunately, it has tended to increase over the last several years. Yet the treatment of advanced or aggressive TC forms has improved recently because of developments in immunotherapy and targeted medicines, including PD-1 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., lenvatinib, sorafenib). Imaging, fine-needle aspiration biopsies, and molecular testing are implemented in the diagnostic process, e.g., in search of mutations that might affect prognosis and provide the most successful treatment option. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), surgery (such as a total thyroidectomy), and molecularly targeted therapies are currently standard treatment modalities in TC. Optimizing patient outcomes requires better diagnostic precision and individualized treatment regimens based on the genetic profile and tumor subtype. To improve survival and quality of life, it is critical to comprehend the complex etiology of TC and the changing therapeutic landscape.

Plastic overconsumption has emerged as a major environmental pollutant, with degraded micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) particles being consumed by a vast variety of species. MNPs, particles < 5 mm, contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which can bind to hormone receptors and disrupt the proper endocrinological function of a variety of organs. This review explores the toxicological impact of MNPs on the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, pineal body, ovaries, and testes, as well as the effects of the endocrinological regulatory axes, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG), hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT), and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axes. The disruption of these hormonal feedback systems leads to reproductive dysfunction, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and metabolic disorders. The gonads are particularly susceptible, with studies demonstrating oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, and infertility due to MNP exposure. Given the widespread presence of MNPs and their impact on human health, further research is critical to understand their long-term effects and develop strategies to reduce exposure.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest and most frequently occurring cancers worldwide. Often diagnosed in advanced stages, it requires more challenging treatment. However, emerging studies highlight the possible role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of CRC. MiRNAs modulate gene expression and can play both roles in tumor suppressors and oncogenes. In CRC, they influence epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation and migration, apoptosis, autophagy, and patients’ treatment response. In clinical applications, they can be used as predictive and prognostic biomarkers as well as for matching the most suitable treatments. Despite its growing popularity, there is still much to discover about their potential usage in medicine.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a worldwide threat resulting in a pandemic in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection manifests itself as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is evidenced in a vast number of either specific or nonspecific symptoms. Except for typical (but nonspecific) symptoms such as fever, dry cough, or muscle weakness, the infected patients might also present atypical symptoms including neurological, dermatological, or ophthalmic manifestations. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the onset, progression, and types of ophthalmic symptoms induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection recognized amongst the infected patients.

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with an increasing incidence rate worldwide and a high mortality rate. In addition to known risk factors, such as UV exposure and genetic predisposition, researchers are paying more attention to the role of diet, micronutrients, and vitamins in preventing melanoma. This review discusses the effects of selected vitamins (D, A, C, and E), trace elements, and bioactive compounds (polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids) on biological processes related to melanoma development. The review considered both antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, as well as effects on DNA repair and photoprotection. The significance of polymorphisms of genes encoding receptors and enzymes that metabolize the compounds studied was also analyzed. The results suggest that maintaining adequate levels of these substances may promote melanoma prevention, particularly among individuals at risk. However, caution in the use of supplementation is necessary due to the possible biphasic effects of some micronutrients. Further clinical trials are needed to develop effective, safe prevention strategies based on micronutrients and vitamins.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) presents unique clinical and biological characteristics that distinguish it from other head and neck malignancies. It poses a great therapeutic challenge for many specialists. It is associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental risk factors. With advancements in radiotherapy and systemic therapy, new treatment options have emerged. We want to focus on contemporary therapeutic strategies for NPC, emphasizing breakthroughs in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and emerging cellular therapies. By integrating recent discoveries with clinical evidence, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information, along with a comprehensive understanding of current best practices, emerging treatments, and critical prognostic determinants in NPC.