Thyroid cancer (TC) invariably remains the most prevalent endocrine cancer in the world. Major histological forms of TC include papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC), medullary (MTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), each of which has a unique clinical and molecular profile. The incidence rate of TC is higher in females, and unfortunately, it has tended to increase over the last several years. Yet the treatment of advanced or aggressive TC forms has improved recently because of developments in immunotherapy and targeted medicines, including PD-1 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., lenvatinib, sorafenib). Imaging, fine-needle aspiration biopsies, and molecular testing are implemented in the diagnostic process, e.g., in search of mutations that might affect prognosis and provide the most successful treatment option. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), surgery (such as a total thyroidectomy), and molecularly targeted therapies are currently standard treatment modalities in TC. Optimizing patient outcomes requires better diagnostic precision and individualized treatment regimens based on the genetic profile and tumor subtype. To improve survival and quality of life, it is critical to comprehend the complex etiology of TC and the changing therapeutic landscape.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained substantial interest among scientists and surgeons over the past decade due to its broad potential in medical applications. Its clinical utility has been increasingly recognized, demonstrating promising outcomes for patient care. Currently, 3D printing technology enables surgeons to enhance operative precision by facilitating the creation of patient-specific anatomical models, customized implants, biological tissues, and even surgical instruments. This personalization contributes to improved surgical outcomes, reduced operative times, and shorter postoperative recovery periods. Furthermore, 3D printing significantly aids in the customization of prostheses to conform closely to individual anatomical structures. Beyond therapeutic applications, 3D printing serves as a valuable educational tool in medical training. It enhances case-specific visualization, elucidates fracture mechanisms, and provides tangible models for simulation-based practice. Although the use of 3D printing might be seen as useful mostly in orthopedics, it has expanded into multiple medical specialties, including plastic surgery, dentistry, and emergency medicine. Presently, 3D-printed constructs are routinely employed for preoperative planning, prosthetic development, fracture management, and the fabrication of patient-specific surgical tools. Futuristically, the integration of 3D printing into clinical practice is expected to play a pivotal role in the advancement of personalized medicine, offering substantial benefits for both healthcare providers and patients.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest and most frequently occurring cancers worldwide. Often diagnosed in advanced stages, it requires more challenging treatment. However, emerging studies highlight the possible role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of CRC. MiRNAs modulate gene expression and can play both roles in tumor suppressors and oncogenes. In CRC, they influence epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation and migration, apoptosis, autophagy, and patients’ treatment response. In clinical applications, they can be used as predictive and prognostic biomarkers as well as for matching the most suitable treatments. Despite its growing popularity, there is still much to discover about their potential usage in medicine.

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with an increasing incidence rate worldwide and a high mortality rate. In addition to known risk factors, such as UV exposure and genetic predisposition, researchers are paying more attention to the role of diet, micronutrients, and vitamins in preventing melanoma. This review discusses the effects of selected vitamins (D, A, C, and E), trace elements, and bioactive compounds (polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids) on biological processes related to melanoma development. The review considered both antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, as well as effects on DNA repair and photoprotection. The significance of polymorphisms of genes encoding receptors and enzymes that metabolize the compounds studied was also analyzed. The results suggest that maintaining adequate levels of these substances may promote melanoma prevention, particularly among individuals at risk. However, caution in the use of supplementation is necessary due to the possible biphasic effects of some micronutrients. Further clinical trials are needed to develop effective, safe prevention strategies based on micronutrients and vitamins.

The success of dental implantation depends on both mechanical stability and the host’s immune response to the implanted biomaterials. Osteoimmunology emphasizes that early immune responses at the implant-tissue interface are critical for bone healing and long-term osseointegration. The immune response primarily consists of immune cells, particularly macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, which interact with osteogenic cells through cytokine networks and signalling pathways, such as RANK/RANKL/OPG. Additionally, it modulates both bone formation and resorption. This review focuses on summarizing the mechanisms that shape the immune response around implants by dental implant materials. It describes mechanisms related to bulk composition, surface topography, and mechanical properties, and highlights macrophage polarization and the transition from inflammation to regeneration. The review discusses current immunomodulatory strategies, including bioactive surfaces, ion doping, nanopatterning, drug-releasing surfaces, and responsive materials, as well as advances enabled by additive manufacturing. The review also discusses experimental models used to study osteoimmunological interactions and the clinical significance of immune dysregulation in peri-implant diseases. The design of biomaterials based on osteoimmunology represents a shift toward immune-compatible implants that aim to improve regenerative outcomes and long-term implant success.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) presents unique clinical and biological characteristics that distinguish it from other head and neck malignancies. It poses a great therapeutic challenge for many specialists. It is associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental risk factors. With advancements in radiotherapy and systemic therapy, new treatment options have emerged. We want to focus on contemporary therapeutic strategies for NPC, emphasizing breakthroughs in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and emerging cellular therapies. By integrating recent discoveries with clinical evidence, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information, along with a comprehensive understanding of current best practices, emerging treatments, and critical prognostic determinants in NPC.