Domestic and foreign literature on methods for obtaining graphene and its derivatives [graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO] as representatives of the family of 2D layered materials is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to GO. Great potential of post-synthetic modification as well as unique properties of the material and its derivatives make them promising for a variety of applications including biomedicine, ecology, optoelectronics, etc. Chemical and physical methods for the reduction of GO to obtain graphene-like materials similar in structure and properties to pure graphene obtained by direct mechanical cleavage are considered. Functionalization strategies of graphene materials are discussed. The preparation of hydro- and organogels as well as Pickering emulsions from graphene derivatives as precursors of porous monoliths are considered. The formation of aerogels based on graphene materials and methane adsorption on these porous structures are discussed. Basic information about hybrid materials containing graphene derivatives and metal-organic frameworks is given and their adsorption characteristics with respect to methane are evaluated. Covalent and noncovalent interactions in graphene – porphyrin hybrids are considered from the standpoint of formation of porphyrin architectures on the surface of graphene materials. Examples of the use of porphyrin – graphene composite materials in photo- and electrocatalysis, fuel cells and gas separation membranes are given. The bibliography includes 243 references.