Corneal transplantation is the most effective treatment for corneal blindness. Standard planned keratoplasties have a high success rate. Conditions such as active inflammation at the time of surgery, the presence of ocular surface disease, previous graft disease, or neovascularization make them more susceptible to rejection. These are so-called high-risk corneal transplantations. In our study, we selected 52 patients with a higher risk of graft rejection. A total of 78 procedures were performed. The main indications for the first keratoplasty were infections (59.6%) and traumas (21.2%). Visual acuity (VA) significantly improved from 2.05 logMAR on the day of keratoplasty to 1.66 logMAR in the latest examination (p = 0.003). An analysis of the graft survival showed a 1-year survival of 54% and a 5-year survival of 19.8% of grafts. The mean observation time without complications after the first, second, and third surgery was 23, 13, and 14 months, respectively. The best results were noted among patients with infectious indications for keratoplasty (p = 0.001). Among them, those with bacterial infection had the best visual outcomes (p = 0.047).

Introduction: The salt therapy is a form of the aerosol therapy using sodium chloride in different forms. The beginnings of the halotherapy date back to the nineteenth century when it has been practised as a medical treatment in the old salt mines of Central and Eastern Europe. The salt therapy as an adjuvant method seems to have positive impact on treatment of respiratory system diseases and dermatological conditions. We distinguish two types of the dry salt therapy: halotherapy and speleotherapy. Purpose of the article: We aimed to evaluate efficacy of the salt therapy in treatment of pulmonary and dermatological disorders. Material and methods: We searched three electronic databases: Pubmed, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to the August 2022 and conducted a review. The following descriptors were used: „halotherapy”, „speleotherapy” and „salt therapy”. Results and conclusions: The salt therapy improves mucociliary elimination, pulmonary functions and reduces airway’s irritation. It also reduces intensity of the dryness, redness and stimulates regenerative processes in the skin. This method is safe and do not cause the serious adverse effects. Therefore, due to its potential benefits, it should be considered as an additional therapy beside standard treatment procedures inter alia in the asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis. Moreover, halotherapy has positive impact on children’s general development as it enhances the growth and weight gain. However, scientific evidences for effectiveness of the salt therapy are limitted. There is a need of further studies assessing effectiveness of the long-therm salt therapy on the larger group of patients.

Introduction: Exposure to blue light throughout the day plays a key role in maintaining the balance of our biological functions. It has a profound impact on our physical and mental state, including the visual system, and contributes to the regulation of behavior and circadian rhythms. The relationship between light emitted by digital devices, the biological rhythm of the retina and the development of refractive errors has been the subject of research in recent years. Aim of Study: This manuscript aims to investigate the implications of light exposure from digital devices on the visual system and circadian rhytms, with a focus on understanding the associated risks, such as digital eye strain and myopia progression. Additionally, the study evaluates the efficacy of blue light-filtering lenses in mitigating these effects. Material and Methods: The present study is based on literature available in scientific databases such as PubMed, Corchane Library and Google Scholar, using the following keywords ,,Digital devices”; ,, Blue light” ; Digital eye strain” ; Visual system”; ,,Circadian rhythms”Results and conclusions: Despite the prevalent use of blue light-filtering lenses, existing evidence indicates that their effectiveness in improving visual performance or preventing retinal damage is limited. Consequently, the implementation of protective strategies, such as the 20-20-20 rule, combined with appropriate ergonomic practices, is critical in alleviating the ocular strain induced by extended screen exposure.

(1) Background: Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment. Visual work and usage of electronic devices are known risk factors of myopia. Many education systems were forced to apply online and hybrid teaching methods, to reduce the number of new cases of COVID-19. Medical students are a population well-known for intense visual work in the form of learning; (2) Methods: Visual acuity and refractive error were measured in the population of medical students. Participants also filled out the survey that included their population characteristic and their habits related to the hygiene of vision; (3) Results: We found a correlation between the age of the first diagnosis of myopia and current values of refractive error. The majority of participants believe that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the health of their vision. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students; (4) Conclusions: In the population of medical school students in Eastern Poland, visual acuity was lower than 1.0 in 232 (52.97%) in the right eye and 234 (53.42%) in the left eye. Early recognition of refractive error has influenced its current values. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students. More population-based studies should focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of vision.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was evaluation of the efficacy and the rate of complication of a foldable sutureless scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SSF-IOL), named Carlevale IOL, for the treatment of aphakia without sufficient capsular support due to trauma or complicated cataract surgery. Methods: Retrospective, consecutive interventional case series. All consecutive eyes with secondary implantation of aphakic SSF-IOL were considered. The primary outcomes were as follows: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error (RE), and intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: SSF-IOL was performed in 21 eyes of 21 patients (7 men and 14 women) with mean age of 74 years (range from 36 to 90 years). The mean follow-up time was 11.4 months. VA improved significantly (p = 0.0007) from 0.38 logMAR at baseline to 0.11 logMAR at the final follow-up. BCVA improved in 18 patients, remained equal in 2 cases, and worsened in 1 case. Mean postoperative RE was −0.83 Diopters (D) (Median = −0.50 D, SD = 1.05 D) and it was less than 1D in 61.9% of patients. Mean IOP at the end of the follow-up was 15.78 mmHg (ranged from 10 to 22 mmHg, SD = 3.65). In one patient a vitreous hemorrhage was observed intraoperatively, but it resolved spontaneously. Postoperative complications included one case of cystoid macular edema and one case of epiretinal membrane. Conclusions: Carlevale SSF-IOL implantation seems to be an effective and safe procedure, ensuring good visual outcomes with a low rate of complication in eyes indicated for secondary IOL implantation.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease caused by a chronic state of hyperglycemia, which results from a defect in the function or secretion of endogenous insulin. It is a disease that leads to serious complications such as blindness, lower limb amputation, ischemic heart disease or ischemic strokes. Description of the state of knowledge: The World Health Organization has identified diabetes mellitus as a global epidemic. Between 1980 and 2014, the number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million to over 422. Between 2000 and 2016, more than 7 million deaths from diabetes were reported in 108 countries, but this is an under-number due to the fact that many patients are not diagnosed with diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in recent years is also higher in low and middle income (LMIC) countries than in high income (HIC) countries. DM also places a significant financial burden on the healthcare budget. Despite relatively large investments in medical care, clinical trials and public health interventions do not reduce the rate of increase in incidence. In the United States, annual healthcare expenditure for people with diabetes is 2.3 times greater than for people without diabetes.Summary: It is well known that diabetes significantly reduces patients' quality of life. It is influenced by both severe complications related to DM and adherence to strict medical recommendations. The low quality of life of diabetic patients contributes to depression, which is associated with not compliance with medical recommendations and increased mortality.