Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an economically and nutritionally important plant species with high genetic diversity bearing rich biochemical compounds. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the morphological composition and chemical properties of 17 genotypes of garlic consisting of 15 genotypes collected from various regions of Türkiye and two superior genotypes from China and Iran. The examined genotypes in this research are: "Isparta-Çaltı", "Aksaray-Local", "Tokat-Local1", "Çorum-Üyük","Iran", "Kırklareli-Vize", "Tokat-Local2","Antalya-Kemer", "Antalya-Elmalı","Kastamonu-Taşköprü", "Balıkesir-Cinge","Konya-Akşehir", "Aksaray-Purple","Şanlıurfa-Birecik", "Kütahya-Germiyan","Aksaray-White", "China". This research targeted superior genotypes by analyzing morphological traits, mineral content, organic acid profiles, and sugar compositions. The genotypes examined in this study exhibited significant differences in morphological traits, elemental composition, organic acids, and sugars (p<0.05). Plant height ranged from 85.6 cm (G3) to 102.0 cm (G1), and leaf number from 8.0 (G17) to 13.4 (G10, G12). Sucrose levels in cloves varied from 2,461.15 mg/kg (G12) to 13,727.28 mg/kg (G16), while potassium content ranged from 807.7 mg/kg (G17) to 1,695.7 mg/kg (G9). PCA revealed that PC1 (29.37%) represented elements and organic acids, PC2 (14.70%) reflected sugars, and PC3 (10.47%) was associated with morphological traits related to N and P accumulation. Correlation analysis showed positive associations such as leaf width with pseudostem width (r=0.64) and potassium with magnesium (r=0.82), suggesting coordinated nutrient uptake. Negative correlations were found between sodium and nitrogen (r=–0.21), and malic acid and glucose (r=–0.52), indicating potential metabolic trade-offs. G14 appeared unique morphologically and biochemically, while G10, G11, and G12 clustered due to similar profiles. These findings highlight the potential of garlic genotypes for functional evaluation and breeding program development. This analysis determined that remarkable differences existed among the genotypes in terms of morphological characteristics, mineral composition, sugars, and organic acid profiles, which informed important breeding and functional product development. Genotypes G10, G12, and G14 exhibited superior morphological features with rich mineral content, while high levels of bioactive compounds (micronutrients and organic acids) in G6, G8, and G16 distinguished them biochemically. The use of multivariate statistical analysis allowed accurate differentiation among genotypes based on their structure and biochemical properties, paving the way for specific breeding strategies. The results are of great importance as a reference in the selection of genotypes with high nutritional quality and industrial utility.

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the leading edible nut consumed all over the World due to its nutritional values. The plant is cultivated in most of the countries alongwith Turkey which is one of the the leading grower of pistachio. In Turkey, the rootstock material is currently propagated through traditional methods and there is a need of propagating plant material using modern biotechnological techniques like plant tissue culture. The provision of contaminated free explants with minimum or no phenolic compounds in the culture medium is the prerequisite of in vitro regeneration protocol. The plant material used in this study was collected at different physiological stages during different months like April- June and Sep-October. The plant material was cut into 2-3 cm long nodal segments followed by cleaning with different agents like water, soap and fungicide prior to subjected to sterilizing agents. Different sterilizing agents used in this study were HgCl2, Huwa-san (H2O2) and commercial bleach (NaOCl) for both rootstocks (UCB-1 and Buttum) with different exposure time. Sterilized explants were cultured on MS basal medium containing plant growth regulators and subcultured once a week for three weeks. Results revealed that HgCl2 as sterilizing agent was more superior than other sterilizing agents for both rootstocks. Among rootstocks, UCB-1 was more responsive than Buttum and relatively more sterilized plants were attained. On the other hand, plant material collected during June responded better and 90.0% and 50.0% sterilzied plants were attained for UCB-1 and Buttum respectively. The results revealed the significant impact of collection time, sterilizing agent type, concentration and exposure time on sterilization of P. vera rootstocks.

In this study, the biochemical profiles of five different genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) harvested in different regions of Türkiye were investigated in detail, focusing on phenolic compounds, organic acids and sugar components. The analyses were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and showed that there were significant biochemical differences between the genotypes. A total of 18 phenolic compounds, 12 organic acids and 3 sugar components were determined in the samples. With the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity, while Genotype 4 had the highest chlorogenic acid (174.99 mg kg-1), Genotype 5 had the highest catechin hydrate (158.77 mg kg-1), gallic acid (22.35 mg kg-1) and o-coumaric acid (12.78 mg kg-1). The profile of organic acids was also presented, where Genotype 2 was the richest genotype for citric acid (7374.66 mg kg-1). Other significant organic acids, succinic (12747.34 mg kg-1) and isobutyric acid (149.54 mg kg-1) which were identified the highest in Genotype 5. As far as sugar components are concerned, sucrose levels showed a significant variation between the genotypes, where Genotype 5 had 3197.79 mg kg-1 and Genotype 4 had 1950.93 mg kg-1. There were statistically significant differences between the genotypes in terms of phenolic compounds, organic acids and sugar components (p<0.05), which are indicate that biochemical differences between genotypes are important in terms of agricultural and nutritional value. These data can be utilized by garlic breeders and garlic producers by regions.

ISHS V International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds BREEDING OF NEW PISTACHIO CULTIVARS BY HYBRIDIZATION İN TURKEY

Pistacia L. türleri Türkiye florası içerisinde doğal yayılış göstermektedir ve P. atlantica Desf. bunlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada P. atlantica’nın Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz bölgelerindeki yayılış alanları, türün morfolojik karakterlerindeki farklılıklar ve varyasyonlar incelenerek taksonomik durumu ve yayılış alanlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmada 62 Pistacia örneği incelenmiş olup incelenen örneklerin 25’inin P. atlantica türü olduğu saptanmıştır. Yaprak ölçümlerinden elde edilen veriler dikkate alındığında toplanan 25 örneğin yaprak uzunluklarının 88 mm ile 171 mm arasında olduğu, yaprak genişliklerinin ise 68 mm ile 137 mm arasında değişiklik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Örneklere ait yaprakların incelenmesi sonucunda terminal yaprakçık uzunluklarının 2.5 ile 7.9 cm arasında, genişliklerinin ise 1.2 ile 2.5 cm arasında değiştiği, yaprak çifti sayısının ise 2 ile 6 arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada P. atlantica’nın Türkiye’de Akdeniz bölgesinde Mersin; Ege bölgesinde İzmir, Aydın ve Manisa; Marmara bölgesinde Balıkesir ilinde doğal olarak yayılış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.