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The correct calculation of forces and moments caused by wave action over crown wall structures is critical for their design. There are several existing equations for this, some of which are sanctioned in practice as it is the case for Jensen (1984) and Bradbury et al. (1998), Günback and Gökce (1984), Martin et al. (1999), Berenguer and Baonza (2006), and Pedersen (1996) and Nørgaard et al. (2013). These equations are the main tool for the design of breakwater crown walls and their accuracy is crucial to ensure the stability of the crown wall, especially when considering the sea level rise due to climate change and the possible damage of the armor, since both aspects are not usually considered in most original design studies. In a scenario of climate change, it is very important to estimate the possible changes in security factors due to both these aspects, comparing the results with the original design ones. This paper has as main objective to analyze it for the case study of Ericeira rubble mound breakwater in Portugal. For this, a comparison of the results using those equations and different scenarios including the current, considering sea level rise and armor damage, were performed to extract some conclusions: the increase in the sea level in the case study was not significant and therefore its incidence is very small; and the damage to the main armor by losing pieces at the berm is much more important in this case study, so it is essential to carry out the proper maintenance of the design section. On the other hand, horizontal forces are more conservative using Pedersen and Nørgaard equations, obtaining the lowest value with Martin. Regarding uplift pressures, Martin gives the lowest value, while the most conservative values are given by Günbak and Gökce’s for two scenarios, and Pedersen and Nørgaard for the other two scenarios. Furthermore, the sliding safety coefficient is more conditioning than overturning the safety coefficient in all the scenarios.
Fábio Pereira; Maria Neves; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; María Esteban; Vicente Negro. Comparison of Existing Equations for the Design of Crown Walls: Application to the Case Study of Ericeira Breakwater (Portugal). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 285 .
AMA StyleFábio Pereira, Maria Neves, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, María Esteban, Vicente Negro. Comparison of Existing Equations for the Design of Crown Walls: Application to the Case Study of Ericeira Breakwater (Portugal). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (3):285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFábio Pereira; Maria Neves; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; María Esteban; Vicente Negro. 2021. "Comparison of Existing Equations for the Design of Crown Walls: Application to the Case Study of Ericeira Breakwater (Portugal)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3: 285.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of prediction. In this article, its application for the prediction of the overtopping rate is presented, as part of a strategy for the sustainable optimization of coastal or harbor defense structures and their conversion into Waves Energy Converters (WEC). This would allow, among others benefits, reducing their initial high capital expenditure. For the construction of the predictive model, classical multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or unsupervised clustering methods like Self Organized Maps (SOM), are used, demonstrating that this close alliance is always methodologically beneficial. The specific application carried out, based on the data provided by the CLASH and EurOtop 2018 databases, involves the creation of a useful application to predict overtopping rates in both sloping breakwaters and seawalls, with good results both in terms of prediction error, such as correlation of the estimated variable.
José Oliver; M. Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; M. Neves. Optimizing Wave Overtopping Energy Converters by ANN Modelling: Evaluating the Overtopping Rate Forecasting as the First Step. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1483 .
AMA StyleJosé Oliver, M. Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, M. Neves. Optimizing Wave Overtopping Energy Converters by ANN Modelling: Evaluating the Overtopping Rate Forecasting as the First Step. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Oliver; M. Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; M. Neves. 2021. "Optimizing Wave Overtopping Energy Converters by ANN Modelling: Evaluating the Overtopping Rate Forecasting as the First Step." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1483.
This work represents a paradigm shift in the approach to manage port infrastructure maintenance where the use of the building information modeling (BIM) method is very scarce, and it is now beginning. The new infrastructure conservation management method proposed in this manuscript combines traditional methods with new technology, covering the gap of the implementation of BIM in port maintenance. This new technology is the BIM method, and its use is already mandatory in public infrastructure projects in some countries. In this work, the BIM method is applied to the management of the conservation of port infrastructures to show the benefits that can be obtained using it. After the analysis of the state of the art in the conservation of port infrastructures, two of the main maritime works of the Outer Port of A Coruña were modeled in Revit. This as-built model serves as an inventory model and forms a large database of all the information regarding the conservation of the structures. In this way, all the data on the conservation of the port’s infrastructures are concentrated in a single source of information in which, in addition, there is a three-dimensional and georeferenced representation of the port in question. The main finding of this work is the development of a step by step method to implement BIM philosophy in port maintenance, highlighting the positive and negative points detected during the validation of the method in a real case, detecting future improvement research lines. Although BIM has a lot of advantages and possibilities just now, some improvements are still necessary.
Paola Valdepeñas; María Dolores Esteban Pérez; Carlos Henche; Raúl Rodríguez-Escribano; Gonzalo Fernández; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez. Application of the BIM Method in the Management of the Maintenance in Port Infrastructures. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 981 .
AMA StylePaola Valdepeñas, María Dolores Esteban Pérez, Carlos Henche, Raúl Rodríguez-Escribano, Gonzalo Fernández, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez. Application of the BIM Method in the Management of the Maintenance in Port Infrastructures. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (12):981.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaola Valdepeñas; María Dolores Esteban Pérez; Carlos Henche; Raúl Rodríguez-Escribano; Gonzalo Fernández; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez. 2020. "Application of the BIM Method in the Management of the Maintenance in Port Infrastructures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12: 981.
López-Gutiérrez, J.S.; Esteban, M.D.; Negro, V., and Wan, Y., 2020. Evolution of extreme waves in Cadiz (SW Spain). In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 272–277. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The impact of climate change is one of the main concerns of the society. One of its possible consequences is the increase of extreme events: floods, droughts and storms, as reflected in the climate change documents of the 2030 Agenda. The main objective of this research is to determine whether this increase can be confirmed in the coastal area of Cádiz (Spain). To achieve that, wave measurement buoys installed in the gulf and bay have been identified and their extreme statistical distributions have been studied. The evolution of the values of the significant wave height and the peak period of wave storms has been analyzed during the last decade. For that, 20, 50, 225 and 475 years of return period have been considered. For deeper research and more conclusive data, numerical simulations of wave propagation in the zone have been performed using the CMS-Wave model, developed by the USACE Hydraulics and Coastal Laboratory. One of the main conclusions of this investigation is that an increase in the magnitude of storms on the coast of Cádiz cannot be confirmed. This statement has important effects on the design of new maritime structures and the validation of the design of maritime structures already in operation.
José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; Vicente Negro; Yong Wan. Evolution of Extreme Waves in Cadiz (SW Spain). Journal of Coastal Research 2020, 95, 272 -277.
AMA StyleJosé-Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban, Vicente Negro, Yong Wan. Evolution of Extreme Waves in Cadiz (SW Spain). Journal of Coastal Research. 2020; 95 (sp1):272-277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; Vicente Negro; Yong Wan. 2020. "Evolution of Extreme Waves in Cadiz (SW Spain)." Journal of Coastal Research 95, no. sp1: 272-277.
In 2018, we were approached by the editorial team of the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (MDPI editorial) to act as guest editors of a Special Issue related to offshore wind energy
María Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. Offshore Wind Farms. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 120 .
AMA StyleMaría Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro. Offshore Wind Farms. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (2):120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. 2020. "Offshore Wind Farms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2: 120.
The scour phenomenon is critical for monopile structures in offshore wind farms. There are two possible strategies: allowing the development of scour holes around the monopile or avoiding it by placing scour protection. The last one is the most used up to now. This paper is focused on the determination of the weight of the stones forming the scour protection. There are some formulas for the design of these parameters, having a lot of uncertainties around them. Some of them were created for fluvial environment, with a different flow to the marine one. Other formulas were elaborated specifically for coastal structures, closer to the coast than offshore wind farms, and with dimensions completely different. This paper presents the analysis of three formulas: Isbash, corresponding to fluvial environment, and Soulsby, and De Vos, corresponding to marine environment. The results of the application of those formulas are compared with real data of scour protection systems showing good results in five offshore wind facilities in operation (Arklow Bank phase 1, Egmond aan Zee, Horns Rev phase 1, Princess Amalia, and Scroby Sands), giving conclusion about the uncertainties of the use of these formulas and recommendations for using them in offshore wind.
M.Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; Luciano Sanz. Riprap Scour Protection for Monopiles in Offshore Wind Farms. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 440 .
AMA StyleM.Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, Luciano Sanz. Riprap Scour Protection for Monopiles in Offshore Wind Farms. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (12):440.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; Luciano Sanz. 2019. "Riprap Scour Protection for Monopiles in Offshore Wind Farms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12: 440.
Renewable energies are the future, and offshore wind is undoubtedly one of the renewable energy sources for the future. Foundations of offshore wind turbines are essential for its right development. There are several types: monopiles, gravity-based structures, jackets, tripods, floating support, etc., being the first ones that are most used up to now. This manuscript begins with a review of the offshore wind power installed around the world and the exposition of the different types of foundations in the industry. For that, a database has been created, and all the data are being processed to be exposed in clear graphic summarizing the current use of the different foundation types, considering mainly distance to the coast and water depth. Later, the paper includes an analysis of the evolution and parameters of the design of monopiles, including wind turbine and monopile characteristics. Some monomials are considered in this specific analysis and also the soil type. So, a general view of the current state of monopile foundations is achieved, based on a database with the offshore wind farms in operation.
Sergio Sánchez; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; M. Dolores Esteban. Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 441 .
AMA StyleSergio Sánchez, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, M. Dolores Esteban. Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (12):441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Sánchez; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; M. Dolores Esteban. 2019. "Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12: 441.
In a context of growing global awareness of environmental sustainability, given the risks associated with global warming and climate change, the transition from environmental models to highly intensive fossil fuel production towards new clean energy systems marks the future of global public agendas. In this scenario, a feasibility study of the installation of wave energy converters, such as the Sea Slot-Cone Generator (SSG) and the Oscillating Water Column (OWC), was carried out in existing breakwaters in the North of Spain, choosing Punta Langosteira (Outer Port of A Coruña), Dique Torres and Dique Norte (Port el Musel, Gijón) and Punta Lucero (Port of Bilbao). It was aimed at capturing the great energy potential of the Atlantic Ocean, as an innovative solution linked to the development of renewable energy sources of marine origin. The selection of the most optimal and efficient alternative will depend on different aspects: the quantitative availability of the wave energy resource at the study points, the production of energy obtained by the device and the capacity factor, the capacity of the wave energy facility to supply the energy consumption in every port to boost the image of “Green Port”, the constructive viability so that the condition of having the construction works only during one year and an economic estimation of each alternative.
M. Carmen Lacasa; M. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; Zhipeng Zang. Feasibility Study of the Installation of Wave Energy Converters in Existing Breakwaters in the North of Spain. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5225 .
AMA StyleM. Carmen Lacasa, M. Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, Zhipeng Zang. Feasibility Study of the Installation of Wave Energy Converters in Existing Breakwaters in the North of Spain. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (23):5225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Carmen Lacasa; M. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; Zhipeng Zang. 2019. "Feasibility Study of the Installation of Wave Energy Converters in Existing Breakwaters in the North of Spain." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23: 5225.
Renewable energies play a fundamental role within the current political and social framework for minimizing the impacts of climate change. The ocean has a vast potential for generating energy and therefore, the marine renewable energies are included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These energies include wave, tidal, marine currents, ocean thermal, and osmotic. Moreover, it can also be included wind, solar, geothermal and biomass powers, which their main use is onshore, but in the near future their use at sea may be considered. The manuscript starts with a state-of-the-art review of the abovementioned marine renewable energy resources worldwide. The paper continues with a case study focused on the Spanish coast, divided into six regions: (I) Cantabrian, (II) Galician, (III) South Atlantic, (IV) Canary Islands, (V) Southern Mediterranean, and (VI) Northern Mediterranean. The results show that: (1) areas I and II are suitable for offshore wind, wave and biomass; (2) areas III and V are suitable for offshore wind, marine current and offshore solar; area IV is suitable for offshore wind, ocean wave and offshore solar; (3) and area VI is suitable for offshore wind, osmotic and offshore solar. This analysis can help politicians and technicians to plan the use of these resources in Spain.
María Dolores Esteban; Juan Manuel Espada; José Marcos Ortega; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. What about Marine Renewable Energies in Spain? Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 249 .
AMA StyleMaría Dolores Esteban, Juan Manuel Espada, José Marcos Ortega, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro. What about Marine Renewable Energies in Spain? Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (8):249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Dolores Esteban; Juan Manuel Espada; José Marcos Ortega; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. 2019. "What about Marine Renewable Energies in Spain?" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 8: 249.
In recent years, the offshore wind industry has seen an important boost that is expected to continue in the coming years. In order for the offshore wind industry to achieve adequate development, it is essential to solve some existing uncertainties, some of which relate to foundations. These foundations are important for this type of project. As foundations represent approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind project, it is essential that they receive special attention. There are different types of foundations that are used in the offshore wind industry. The most common types are steel monopiles, gravity-based structures (GBS), tripods, and jackets. However, there are some other types, such as suction caissons, tripiles, etc. For high water depths, the alternative to the previously mentioned foundations is the use of floating supports. Some offshore wind installations currently in operation have GBS-type foundations (also known as GBF: Gravity-based foundation). Although this typology has not been widely used until now, there is research that has highlighted its advantages over other types of foundation for both small and large water depth sites. There are no doubts over the importance of GBS. In fact, the offshore wind industry is trying to introduce improvements so as to turn GBF into a competitive foundation alternative, suitable for the widest ranges of water depth. The present article deals with GBS foundations. The article begins with the current state of the field, including not only the concepts of GBS constructed so far, but also other concepts that are in a less mature state of development. Furthermore, we also present a classification of this type of structure based on the GBS of offshore wind facilities that are currently in operation, as well as some reflections on future GBS alternatives.
M. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 64 .
AMA StyleM. Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro. Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (3):64.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. 2019. "Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 3: 64.
Estimation of wave run-up has been of increasing concern for offshore wind structures and a critical aspect for designers. The highly nonlinear phenomenon makes the study difficult. That is the reason for the very few design rules and experimental data available to estimate it. Actual wave run-up is greater than commonly predicted. The goal of this research is to benchmark the theoretical formulations with the results of the physical model tests performed by Deltares in the field of crest elevation, run-up, forces and pressures. The laboratory reproduced in a wave tank (75 m length; 8.7 m width; 1 m depth; and a 1:60 scale, with Froude similarity) an offshore power converter platform located at intermediate water depths (25–43.80 m) in the Southern North Sea, designed by the Norwegian company Aibel. The purpose of this research is to offer a preliminary design guide for wave run–up using theoretical expressions both for cylinders and gravity based structures (GBS), leaning on the cited laboratory tests to validate the results obtained by such theoretical models.
Jorge Luengo Frades; Vicente Negro; Javier García Barba; Mario Martín-Antón; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; Luis J. Moreno Blasco. Preliminary Design for Wave Run-Up in Offshore Wind Farms: Comparison between Theoretical Models and Physical Model Tests. Energies 2019, 12, 492 .
AMA StyleJorge Luengo Frades, Vicente Negro, Javier García Barba, Mario Martín-Antón, José Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban, Luis J. Moreno Blasco. Preliminary Design for Wave Run-Up in Offshore Wind Farms: Comparison between Theoretical Models and Physical Model Tests. Energies. 2019; 12 (3):492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Luengo Frades; Vicente Negro; Javier García Barba; Mario Martín-Antón; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; Luis J. Moreno Blasco. 2019. "Preliminary Design for Wave Run-Up in Offshore Wind Farms: Comparison between Theoretical Models and Physical Model Tests." Energies 12, no. 3: 492.
The construction of caisson breakwaters dates from ancient times (Brindisi battle and Caesarea Maritima, Roman Empire) of yore but has evolved with regards to technology and the materials available at all times (wood, gravel, and rubble mound). The growth in draught in vessels searching for deep water depths for berthing plus environmental problems have led to the 20th century facilitating the boom in vertical types and concrete caissons built in different ways (dry and floating techniques). Furthermore, structural criteria gave way to functional, environmental, and aesthetic criteria. The search for new, more efficient forms led to the construction of increasingly more complex elements including many that still require an economically viable construction system. To where will this search for new materials and forms take us? The use of composite materials could be considered, at the moment, as too expensive, but analyzing the cost with a wider approach, as Life Cycle Assessment, shows us that caissons in composite materials are cost effective and could be a solution. Furthermore, the possibility of using recyclable composites opens up big opportunities of using these materials at affordable costs. Caissons in composites or recycled composites are then a real alternative to concrete caissons. In Spain, two examples can be observed: a berthing area in Canary Island (Puerto del Rosario, South Atlantic Ocean) and a crown wall in Cartagena using polyester fiber bars (Mediterranean Sea). European policy in matters of sustainability promotes the circular economy, which means not only consider construction of caissons in recycled composites should be considered but also the comparison of all materials and construction procedures. Lastly, the calculation of the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) should be promoted.
Eduardo Cejuela; Vicente Negro; Jose María Del Campo; Mario Martín-Antón; M. Dolores Esteban; Jose Santos López-Gutiérrez. Recent History, Types, and Future of Modern Caisson Technology: The Way to More Sustainable Practices. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3839 .
AMA StyleEduardo Cejuela, Vicente Negro, Jose María Del Campo, Mario Martín-Antón, M. Dolores Esteban, Jose Santos López-Gutiérrez. Recent History, Types, and Future of Modern Caisson Technology: The Way to More Sustainable Practices. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):3839.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduardo Cejuela; Vicente Negro; Jose María Del Campo; Mario Martín-Antón; M. Dolores Esteban; Jose Santos López-Gutiérrez. 2018. "Recent History, Types, and Future of Modern Caisson Technology: The Way to More Sustainable Practices." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 3839.
In 2014, the Renewable Energy Journal published innovative research where the authors showed the results obtained in work where the design of support structures and foundations in marine based wind farms were questioned. The uncertainties in the design were then justified by the “limited” field experience and in the review of the standards and recommendations existing at that time. Fundamentally, an analysis was made of the ratio between useful life and the probability of failure, the wave theories to be used, the hydrodynamics of Morison, Froude-Krylov and diffraction domains, together with the scouring phenomena processes and consequent protection of structural items. Using the knowledge gained during these three years, the research work herein presented covers further reflections such as the nonlinearity in wave mechanics, its effects on orbital seabed velocities, variation in the behaviour of the Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC), impact on scour in the KC-6 equation, the analysis of statistics of forces applied to load combinations in structures at depths in excess of fifty metres, taking giant steps in offshore engineering and leaving behind classical maritime engineering techniques.
Jorge Luengo; Vicente Negro; Javier García-Barba; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban. New detected uncertainties in the design of foundations for offshore Wind Turbines. Renewable Energy 2018, 131, 667 -677.
AMA StyleJorge Luengo, Vicente Negro, Javier García-Barba, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban. New detected uncertainties in the design of foundations for offshore Wind Turbines. Renewable Energy. 2018; 131 ():667-677.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Luengo; Vicente Negro; Javier García-Barba; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban. 2018. "New detected uncertainties in the design of foundations for offshore Wind Turbines." Renewable Energy 131, no. : 667-677.
Escobar, A.; López-Gutiérrez, J.S.; Esteban, M.D., and Negro, V., 2018. A modified method for assessing hydrodynamic loads in the design of gravity-based structures for offshore wind energy. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 931–935. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The structural typologies used nowadays in offshore power generation mainly depend on the bearing capacity of the foundation, the sea depth and wave conditions, the characteristics of the offshore wind farm and the impact on the landscape. The use of gravity base structures (GBS) or other type of structures is subject to these input data. The aim of this paper is to ease the decision-making related with the GBS design, by applying different calculation schemes in the two different hydrodynamic domains, D/L0.20 (Diffraction); observing how the models may be complemented in the previous design, by means of dynamic pressure schemes derived from the mechanic of waves. For that purpose, three case studies are raise; the first one, assuming that the structure is a vertical seawall submitted to a quasi-stationary diagram of hydrodynamic pressures and applying the Goda′s theory; the second one, assuming a model of inertial and drag forces, applying the Morison′s theory; and finally, the third case propose the use of the Goda′s theory in the section near foundation, and the Morison theory in the section of shaft, observing the level of trust and the adjustment of this typology of structures. This innovative approach can be used as an advanced guideline to ensure a suitable design of GBS for locations with sea depths between 20 to 40 meters in which it is expected the implementation of this structural typology, and on the other hand, to identify if those locations are suitable for the implementation of GBS.
Adrián Escobar; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; María Dolores Esteban; Vicente Negro. A Modified Method for Assessing Hydrodynamic Loads in the Design of Gravity-Based Structures for Offshore Wind Energy. Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 85, 931 -935.
AMA StyleAdrián Escobar, José Santos López-Gutiérrez, María Dolores Esteban, Vicente Negro. A Modified Method for Assessing Hydrodynamic Loads in the Design of Gravity-Based Structures for Offshore Wind Energy. Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 85 ():931-935.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdrián Escobar; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; María Dolores Esteban; Vicente Negro. 2018. "A Modified Method for Assessing Hydrodynamic Loads in the Design of Gravity-Based Structures for Offshore Wind Energy." Journal of Coastal Research 85, no. : 931-935.
Emilio Vizcaíno; M. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. Surveys Applied to the Improvements of Beaches. Case Studies: Las Canteras, Hoya Pozuelo and Salinetas (Gran Canaria Island, Spain). Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 85, 1441 -1445.
AMA StyleEmilio Vizcaíno, M. Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro. Surveys Applied to the Improvements of Beaches. Case Studies: Las Canteras, Hoya Pozuelo and Salinetas (Gran Canaria Island, Spain). Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 85 ():1441-1445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Vizcaíno; M. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro. 2018. "Surveys Applied to the Improvements of Beaches. Case Studies: Las Canteras, Hoya Pozuelo and Salinetas (Gran Canaria Island, Spain)." Journal of Coastal Research 85, no. : 1441-1445.
López-Gutiérrez, J.S.; Esteban, M.D., and Negro, V., 2018. Wave Energy Potential Assessment and Feasibility Analysis of Wave Energy Converters. Case Study: Spanish Coast. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp.1291–1295. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Wave energy is one of the marine renewable energy types, essential to achieve a sustainable development. Coastal countries need to know the wave energy potential along their coasts, so its contribution to the future electricity market is estimated. Spain has noticeable variations in its average wave climate, so it is essential to analyse numerous locations. For research purposes, wave energy potential is estimated based on data from the 15 Spanish State Port buoys currently in operation in deep waters. Because these buoys were set up at different times, with some moored around 2005, the sample between 2005 and 2015 is studied with the purpose of comparing results. REDEXT buoys, arranged from highest to lowest wave energy potential, are: Villano-Sisargas (56.84 kW/m), Cabo Silleiro (53.50 kW/m), Estaca de Bares (53.36 kW/m), Cabo de Peñas (39.66 kW/m), Bilbao-Vizcaya (39.09 kW/m), Gran Canaria (23.71 kW/m), Mahón (16.21 kW/m), Cabo de Begur (13.95 kW/m), Golfo de Cádiz (12.70 kW/m), Dragonera (10.16 kW/m), Cabo de Gata (8.43 kW/m), Cabo de Palos (8.17 kW/m), Tenerife Sur (6.93 kW/m), Tarragona (6.14 kW/m) and Valencia (5.42 kW/m). Some buoys were moored in the 1990s allowing an analysis to be made of how the average wave climate has changed over the last years. Furthermore, a study is undertaken analysing the feasibility of different wave energy converters, specifically Pelamis 750 kW, Oyster 300 kW, Aquabuoy 250 kW, and SSG 20,000 kW, in the 15 buoy locations. Energy production and the capacity factor of all devices for the 15 locations are calculated, obtaining as a result that the most suitable device for all the locations studied is Oyster, and the least suitable is SSG. All the results are shown in different comparative tables and figures, with a summary of the most emphasizing information in each buoy.
José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; Vicente Negro. Wave Energy Potential Assessment and Feasibility Analysis of Wave Energy Converters. Case Study: Spanish Coast. Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 85, 1291 -1295.
AMA StyleJosé-Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban, Vicente Negro. Wave Energy Potential Assessment and Feasibility Analysis of Wave Energy Converters. Case Study: Spanish Coast. Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 85 ():1291-1295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; Vicente Negro. 2018. "Wave Energy Potential Assessment and Feasibility Analysis of Wave Energy Converters. Case Study: Spanish Coast." Journal of Coastal Research 85, no. : 1291-1295.
Negro, V.; López-Gutiérrez, J.S.; Esteban, M.D.; Del Campo, J.M., and Luengo, J., 2018. Action strategy for studying marine and coastal works with climate change on the horizon. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 506–510. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Climate Change effects can be analysed from different points of view. As far as harbour and coastal engineering are concerned, the most worrying effect is the sea level rise, having been observed over the whole planet during the 20th century, reaching figures up to 1 or 2 millimetres per year. Lately, it has been seen an acceleration of the process, developing an annual rise rate of 3 millimetres in the period between 1993 and 2003. In Spain, this rise in sea level can be estimated between 3 and 5 millimetres a year, although this value is not uniform along the whole coastline. The prediction for the first half of the 21st century forecasts a sea level rise of more than 3 centimetres in the Cantabrian coast, between 15 and 20 centimetres in the Mediterranean Sea and 10 in the Gulf of Cadiz, South West of Spain, in the Atlantic Ocean. This means that beaches will shrink between 10 and 15 metres in the Cantabrian, between 8 and 10 metres in the Mediterranean and 8 metres in the Gulf of Cadiz. These movements may affect structures and properties located on the coast and create concerns amongst people living there, particularly when facing extreme climate events. This research reflects on these phenomena and proposes an action strategy to achieve resilient coastal and harbour structures, in order to make them able to cope with any extreme events that may occur.
Vicente Negro; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; José María Del Campo; Jorge Luengo. Action Strategy for Studying Marine and Coastal Works with Climate Change on the Horizon. Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 85, 506 -510.
AMA StyleVicente Negro, José Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban, José María Del Campo, Jorge Luengo. Action Strategy for Studying Marine and Coastal Works with Climate Change on the Horizon. Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 85 ():506-510.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicente Negro; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban; José María Del Campo; Jorge Luengo. 2018. "Action Strategy for Studying Marine and Coastal Works with Climate Change on the Horizon." Journal of Coastal Research 85, no. : 506-510.
M. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; Marcelo Laviña; Pedro Muñoz-Sánchez. A New Classification of Wave Energy Converters Used for Selection of Devices. Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 85, 1286 -1290.
AMA StyleM. Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, Marcelo Laviña, Pedro Muñoz-Sánchez. A New Classification of Wave Energy Converters Used for Selection of Devices. Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 85 ():1286-1290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Dolores Esteban; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; Vicente Negro; Marcelo Laviña; Pedro Muñoz-Sánchez. 2018. "A New Classification of Wave Energy Converters Used for Selection of Devices." Journal of Coastal Research 85, no. : 1286-1290.
The breakwater construction technique using floating concrete caissons is well-known nowadays as a widespread system. Yet do we really know its origin? Since Julius Caesar used this technology in Brindisi (Italy) up to the Normandy landings in June 1944, not only has this technology been developed, but it has been a key item in several moments in history. Its development has almost always been driven by military requirements. The greatest changes have not been conceptual but point occurring, backed by the materials used. Parallelisms can be clearly seen in each new stage: timber, opus caementitium (Roman concrete), iron and concrete… However, nowadays, achieving a more sustainable world constitutes a major challenge, to which the construction of caissons breakwaters must contribute as a field of application of new eco-friendly materials. This research work provides a general overview from the origins of caissons until our time. It will make better known the changes that took place in the system and their adaptation to new materials, and will help in clarifying the future in developing technology towards composite sustainable materials and special concrete. If we understand the past, it will be easier to define the future.
Eduardo Cejuela; Vicente Negro; María Dolores Esteban; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; José Marcos Ortega. From Julius Caesar to Sustainable Composite Materials: A Passage through Port Caisson Technology. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1225 .
AMA StyleEduardo Cejuela, Vicente Negro, María Dolores Esteban, José Santos López-Gutiérrez, José Marcos Ortega. From Julius Caesar to Sustainable Composite Materials: A Passage through Port Caisson Technology. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduardo Cejuela; Vicente Negro; María Dolores Esteban; José Santos López-Gutiérrez; José Marcos Ortega. 2018. "From Julius Caesar to Sustainable Composite Materials: A Passage through Port Caisson Technology." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1225.
Part of human beings’ relationship with the world around them includes constructing or building. They connect with the land and makes civil engineering an action of reflection with the environment, a use of material, and a function of construction work. This involves a combination of necessities and perfection in order to fulfil an aim. To build is essential on this earth. From a “mud hut” as the commencement of architecture up to water regulating with dams, conducting it via a channel, overcoming obstacles by use of a bridge, or finding shelter and sailing by using harbours, a public work requires the welfare of a community as its “raison d´être”. The aim of this investigation is to analyse the human condition in construction and how works of an enormous size that change the way of “being on earth” have been tackled for instrumental reasons by disassociating necessities, revitalizing noxious effects, destroying nature’s scenery and landscapes, disturbing the environment, and negatively affecting the urban development of our “poly-cities”. Referred to by the authors of this article as “gigantism of public works”, this concept is analysed using examples in Asia and works of a notable size in China.
Mario Martín-Antón; Vicente Negro; José María Del Campo; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban. The Gigantism of Public Works in China in the Twenty-First Century. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1581 .
AMA StyleMario Martín-Antón, Vicente Negro, José María Del Campo, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban. The Gigantism of Public Works in China in the Twenty-First Century. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (9):1581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Martín-Antón; Vicente Negro; José María Del Campo; José-Santos López-Gutiérrez; M. Dolores Esteban. 2017. "The Gigantism of Public Works in China in the Twenty-First Century." Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1581.