Pregnancy is a special period in a woman’s life when her organism undergoes multiple physiological changes so that the fetus has optimal conditions for growth and development. These include modifications in the composition of the microbiome that occur between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. There is an increase in Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Firmicutes, which have been associated with an increase in the need for energy storage. The growth in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria levels has a protective effect on both the mother and the fetus via proinflammatory mechanisms. The aim of the study is to review the research on the relationship between the mother’s intestinal microbiome and gestational pathologies. Changes in the maternal gut microbiome is probably one of the mechanisms that occurs in various pregnancy diseases such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus, excessive gestational weight gain, and premature birth. For this reason, it seems vital to pay attention to certain interventions that can benefit the affected patients both in the short term, by preventing complications during pregnancy, and in the long term, as one of the mechanisms occurring in various gestational diseases is dysbiosis of the maternal intestinal flora.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits in the host. Taking probiotics is generally safe and well tolerated by pregnant women and their children. Consumption of probiotics can result in both prophylactic and therapeutic effects. In healthy adult humans, the gut microbiome is stable at the level of the dominant taxa: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and has a higher presence of Verrucomicrobia. During pregnancy, an increase in the number of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla and a decrease in the beneficial species Roseburia intestinalis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are observed. Pregnancy is a “window” to the mother’s future health. The aim of this paper is to review studies assessing the potentially beneficial effects of probiotics in preventing the development of diseases that appear during pregnancy, which are currently considered as risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome, and consequently, reducing the risk of developing maternal metabolic syndrome in the future. The use of probiotics in gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and excessive gestational weight gain is reviewed. Probiotics are a relatively new intervention that can prevent the development of these disorders during pregnancy, and thus, would reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome resulting from these disorders in the mother’s future.

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells (RBC) is insufficient to meet the body's physiological needs for oxygen transport. A limiting factor for the erythrocyte mass increase is iron deficiency, which can also have a negative impact on the pregnancy's prognosis. The most frequent pathogenic cause of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Biochemical tests such as serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin concentration, and ferritin concentration are decreased in iron deficiency anemia. In clinical practice, iron deficiency is defined as low serum ferritin or a decreased percentage of transferrin saturation by iron. Usually, the diagnosis begins with the determination of serum ferritin. Although iron supplementation for iron deficiency is advised as soon as the condition has been diagnosed, prophylactic iron delivery is still under discussion. In patients for whom oral iron is ineffective or contraindicated, intravenous iron can be used to restore lost iron.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes self-limiting viral hepatitis. It is now global, both in developing and low-industrialized countries. With infection, the predominance of infections is asymptomatic but can cause death. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to severe complications. This article summarizes the current knowledge about HEV infection during pregnancy, focusing on immunology, transmission, complications in both pregnant and newborn women, and polymer-boosted vaccines. The development of a polymer-reinforced vaccine may in the future solve the problem of the HEV virus, which is particularly dangerous for pregnant women. HEV was the first to be officially named an epidemic of unexplained acute hepatitis in the early 80s. It leads to about 20 million infections and up to 70,000 deaths per year. Infection in the predominance of infections is asymptomatic but can reach mortality of up to 25% in pregnant women. HEV has 8 genotypes. Genotype 1 is found mainly in Asia and Africa and 2 is detected in Mexico and Africa, They are diagnosed only in humans. Genotypes 3 and 4 can infect both humans and animals worldwide, and in recent years there has been an increase in infections in Europe. All genotypes belong to one serotype. HEV is transmitted zoonotically through the consumption of infected undercooked meat or by the fecal-oral route through drinking contaminated water.

Introduction and purpose: Celiac disease occurs in 1% of the general population. However, many cases remain unrecognized. The disease is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten that appears in individuals with genetic susceptibility. Celiac disease can develop in paediatric patients as well as adults. The purpose of this review is to analyze the newest information on the characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of patients with celiac disease. Material and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and published between 2015 and 2022. The research was done by looking through keywords such as: “celiac disease”, “Gluten-Free Diet”, “diagnosis” and “treatment”. Results: The diagnosis of celiac disease is most often delayed due to the broad spectrum of presentations. Screening of at-risk individuals is important to progress the diagnosis. It is additionally crucial to raise clinicians' attention to non-specific parenteral symptoms that may indicate celiac disease. The majority of the symptoms arise from nutritional deficiencies caused by intestinal malabsorption. According to scientific reports, the most common deficiencies of people with celiac disease are iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, fat-soluble vitamins and a calcium. Conclusions: Recent years have seen the emergence of research into new therapeutic options, but their efficacy and safety still need to be evaluated more thoroughly. Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet by patients is still the only treatment option at present. Celiac disease, due to the constant increase in knowledge about its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment is an important material for further research.