A hydrophobic coating for glass substrates was developed using SiO₂, TiO₂, and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) to achieve low surface energy and a rough surface. The coating process was conducted using a sol–gel method and layer by layer deposition. The effect of SiO₂, TiO₂, and MTMS on the hydrophobicity and transparency of the coating were evaluated using contact angle and optical transmittance measurements, respectively. The transparency was found to decrease with higher moles of SiO₂, TiO₂, and MTMS; the water contact angle initially increased with increasing addition of these reagents, but then declined above the optimum conditions. The optimum conditions were determined to be at approximately 0.075, 0.030, and 0.002 mol of SiO₂, TiO₂, and MTMS, respectively. The resulting water contact angle was 115.56 ± 1.01°. SiO₂ and TiO₂ provided a synergistic effect to improve the roughness surface, as shown in the AFM data. The glass coated using SiO₂–TiO₂–MTMS exhibited higher hardness values than bare glass.

The clean technologies of self-cleaning surfaces are expanding rapidly. Highly hydrophobic coatings with strong adhesion, high durability, and dirt-free surfaces have been prepared via sol-gel deposition of SiO₂-TiO₂-alkylsilane. The influence of the effects of the alkyl chain length of silane on surface roughness was investigated. This deposition involved a one-layer technique to produce the rough surfaces. The bimetal oxide of SiO₂-TiO₂ created a high level of surface roughness. As a result, the water contact angle of the coatings increased with the increasing alkyl chain length of silane (up to C=8). However, the water contact angle decreased when the C=16 of alkylsilane was applied. It was predicted that the longer alkyl chain would cause the molecules to collapse. The higher hydrophobicity was produced by SiO₂-TiO₂-OTMS coatings with a water contact angle of about 140.67 ± 1.23°. The effect of the dip-coating technique (one layer and layer-by-layer) on hydrophobicity was also discussed. The results showed that coatings produced by the one-layer technique had a higher contact angle than coatings made by the layer-by-layer technique. The coatings were stable under outdoor exposure and able to hinder dirt attachment to their surfaces.

Marine biofouling poses significant challenges to maritime industries worldwide, affecting vessel performance, fuel efficiency, and environmental sustainability. These challenges demand innovative and sustainable solutions. In this review, the evolving landscape of cellulose-based materials for anti-fouling applications in marine environments is explored. Through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, the current state of research is examined, highlighting key trends, emerging technologies, and geographical distributions. Cellulose, derived from renewable resources, offers a promising avenue for sustainable anti-fouling strategies due to its biodegradability, low toxicity, and resistance to microbial attachment. Recent advancements in cellulose-based membranes, coatings, and composites are discussed, showcasing their efficacy in mitigating biofouling while minimizing environmental impact. Opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation are identified to drive the development of next-generation anti-fouling solutions. By harnessing the power of cellulose, progress towards cleaner, more sustainable oceans can be facilitated, fostering marine ecosystems and supporting global maritime industries.

Biomass upgrade to oleochemicals as petrochemical substitutes, including the utility, physical–chemical properties, reaction routes, affecting parameters and the future forecast.

In this research, hydrophobic fabric was prepared using TiO2 and hexadecyl trimethoxysilane (HDTMS). The method of coating was layer by layer. First layer was coated with TiO2 to increase the roughness and the second layer was coated with HDTMS to increase the hydrophobicity. The fabrics that has been coated TiO2 has a water contact angle about 54.55°, while the fabric that has been coated HDTMS has a water contact angle about 109.79°. In this research, we studied the influence of deposition time and composition of TiO2 and HDTMS. The result showed the optimum deposition time of TiO2 about 60 and 30 min, the optimum concentration of TiO2 and HDTMS about 0.4 and 0.1 M. This optimum condition exposed the water contact angle 135.93°. Characterization of the hydrophobic fabrics was done using IR-ATR showed the wave number of 667.2 cm-1 and 893.1 cm-1 were Ti-O-Ti and Ti-O-Si bond. The result of separation efficiency hydrophobic fabric of the mixture (cooking oil-water, toluene-water, chloroform-water, and hexane-water) were 93.30%, 84.61%, 61.54%, and 23.07%. The hydrophobic fabric was stable towards ambient temperature till 6 weeks, but unfortunately, it was not stable towards detergent.

Carbon paste electrode-modified imprinted zeolite X has been developed as a potentiometry and voltammetry sensor to monitor cholesterol levels in the body. This is crucial to detect early health risks caused by high cholesterol levels. The modified electrode was fabricated with a mass ratio of activated carbon, paraffin, and imprinted zeolite X of 12:7:1. Potentiometric measurement produced a linear dynamic range of 10−6–10−3 M, Nernst factor of 27.12 mV/decade, a detection limit of 1.12 × 10−6 M, precision of 99.7% (n = 3), and accuracy of 99.8% (n = 5). Using the electrode for up to 56 measurements over 6 weeks did not significantly decrease its performance. The presence of glucose did not interfere with cholesterol analysis by potentiometry. The modified electrode was applied to analyze cholesterol voltammetrically at the optimum deposition potential of 0.4 V, deposition time of 60 s, and a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Voltammetric analysis of cholesterol resulted in a detection limit of 7.2 mg/L (1.86 µM), precision of 96–99%, accuracy of 74–114%, sensitivity of 7.1 nA.L/mg/cm2, and recovery of 87.2% (n = 3). The glucose and urea in various concentrations cause less than 5% current deviations.