The aim of this research is to develop a GIS-based simulation for selecting the most suitable site of solid waste landfill which could help to minimize harmful impacts to the environment and society in the extreme sensitive and complex delta by an integration of geographic information system (GIS) and analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and nine criteria (distance from surface water; depth of ground water table; distance from residential area, land use, distance from main roads, geo-environmental and geotechnical characteristics, distance from historical and tourism sites, and distance from industrial zones). Different from most of the previous studies on the landfill site selection, geology-related criteria including soil types/lithology, soil permeability, and soil depth/soil thickness (soil-structure), which are called geo-environmental and geotechnical characteristics in this research, will be carefully considered, integrated, and evaluated. The AHP was employed to determine the weight of each criterion based on pair weight comparison and its matrix, while a land suitability index (LSI) score was calculated to determine the most suitable site. Moreover, the suitability map was also created which indicated very advantageous, advantageous, rather advantageous, and disadvantageous areas in the study area for landfill siting. Finally, the developed model could be used for supporting planners, managers, policy makers, and local government to make decisions on suitable and effective planning strategies for landfill site selection and could be applied anywhere and especially in other deltas around the world.

Interflow is an important water source contributing to river flow. It directly influences the near-surface water cycles for water resource management. This study focuses on assessing the interflow potential and quantifying the interflow in the downstream area along the Kaoping River in southern Taiwan. The interflow potential is first determined based on the modified index-overlay model, which employs the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to calculate the ratings and weightings of the selected factors. The groundwater and surface water flow (GSFLOW) numerical model is then used to link the index-overlay model to quantify the interflow potential for practical applications. This study uses the Monte Carlo simulations to assess the influence of rainfall-induced variations on the interflow uncertainty in the study area. Results show that the high potential interflow zones are located in the high to middle elevation regions along the Kaoping River. Numerical simulations of the GSFLOW model show an interflow variation pattern that is similar to the interflow potential results obtained from the index-overlay model. The average interflow rates are approximately 3.5 × 10⁴ (m³/d) in the high elevation zones and 2.0 × 10⁴ (m³/d) near the coastal zones. The rainfall uncertainty strongly influences interflow rates in the wet seasons, especially the peaks of the storms or heavy rainfall events. Interflow rates are relatively stable in the dry seasons, indicating that interflow is a reliable water resource in the study area.

This study aims at conducting a literature review on GIS-based simulation for suitable onshore wind farm site selection. A total of 58 papers, which is published in 2010 to 2024 and from high-quality journals, were manually collected, investigated, and classified into the following categories: year of publication, keyword, journal index, application area, employed software, applied multi-criteria decision-making method, and proposed criteria. The top ten of the most used criteria were analysed in detail to indicate their importance order as well as value categories, potential value, restrictive value. Specifically, the criteria in the articles were the result of research conducted in different natural and economic climate zones in the world. Moreover, from these ten criteria, this study also determined combinations of criteria which simultaneously appeared the most in the collected papers. The set of criteria includes points of intersection and convergence of important characteristics of natural conditions and socio-economic infrastructure that significantly influence the decision on selecting the optimal location. The results showed that “distance from road network” was the most preferred criterion while “wind speed” was considered as the most important criterion. Furthermore, a combination of two criteria “wind speed” and “distance from road network” was the most used with a frequency of 50 (in total of 58 times). As the results, the research contributed a set of useful and necessary information for making decisions on suitable wind farm site selection which may help researchers, local government, investors easily determine and choose relevant influenced criteria and suitable methods.