Calotropis procera and Calotropis gigantea are medicinal plant having therapeutic value. The leaf extracts of C. procera have been investigated, its pharmacological actions in detail and leaf extracts of C. gigantea were not studied till date. The objective of present work was to find the bioactive constituents present in the ethanolic leaf extract of C. procera and C. gigantea to evaluate their antibacterial and anifungal activities. The major phytochemical groups in C. procera ethanolic leaf extracts were fatty acid ethyl ester (21.36%), palmitic acid ester (10.24%), linoleic acid (7.43%) and amino acid (8.10%) respectively, whereas ethanolic leaf extracts of C. gigantea contain palmitic acid (46.01%), diterpene (26.53%), triterpene (17.39%), linoleic acid (5.13%) as the major phytochemical groups. Ethanol extract of C. procera leaves showed the highest inhibition (11 mm) against Escherichia coli, while ethanolic extract of C. gigantea leaves inhibited Klebsiella (20 mm). These findings will use in new directions in pharmacological investigations.

Marine algae have gained substantial attention from various scientific and commercial fields. The reason behind its importance is due to the rich source of bioactive compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other pigments. Marine algae-derived carrageenans polysaccharides are used in food, medicine, cosmetic items, gelling, emulsifying, and stabilizing agents. The carrageenan has also photoprotective activity as it protects against the UVB-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells and inhibits skin aging and cancers. Marine algae-derived macromolecules including polysaccharides and proteins have anticoagulant and photoprotective activities. The marine algae used in health sector is not limited to a food supplement only, rather, the derivatives from it are increasingly used in the biomedical application too. Different biological activities of marine algae as immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic are discussed in this review. This mini-review is comprehensively based on the bioactivities materials from brown, red, green, and blue-green algae used in various biomedical fields.

Propolis is a promising natural product that has been extensively researched and studied for its potential health and medical benefits. The lack of requisite high oil-containing propolis and existing variation in the quality and quantity of essential oil within agro-climatic regions pose a problem in the commercialization of essential oil. As a result, the current study was carried out to optimize and estimate the essential oil yield of propolis. The essential oil data of 62 propolis samples from ten agro-climatic areas of Odisha, as well as an investigation of their soil and environmental parameters, were used to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) based prediction model. The influential predictors were determined using Garson’s algorithm. To understand how the variables interact and to determine the optimum value of each variable for the greatest response, the response surface curves were plotted. The results revealed that the most suited model was multilayer-feed-forward neural networks with an R²value of 0.93. According to the model, altitude was found to have a very strong influence on response, followed by phosphorous & maximum average temperature. This research shows that using an ANN-based prediction model with a response surface methodology technique to estimate oil yield at a new site and maximize propolis oil yield at a specific site by adjusting variable parameters is a viable commercial option. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the development of a model to optimize and estimate the essential oil yield of propolis.

Objective: In the current study, we have focused on the major secondary metabolite containing parts such as flower, leaf, and root for phytochemical extraction with three different solvent systems to make a comparative study against three virulent bacteria species which are capable of intestinal infection, pneumonia, skin infections, and food poisoning.Methods: Antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methanol, and chloroform extracts from bark, leaves and roots of Calotropis procera, was examined against three virulent bacteria species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis using disc diffusion method.Results: The ethanol extract of leaf showed significant activity against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition ranging from 14 to 20 mm for S. aureus. The ethanol extract of flower was effective against E. coli with maximum 18 mm. Ethanol extract of root showed significant activity against S. aureus. Methanol extract of leaves showed moderate activity against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition ranging from 14 to 20 mm. Methanol extract of root showed significant activity against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition ranging from 12 to 22 mm. Methanol extract of flowers showed activity against E. coli with a zone of inhibition ranging from 11 to 20 mm. The chloroform extract of leaves showed significant activity against S. aureus. Chloroform extract of flower showed activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 11 to 17 mm for S. aureus chloroform extract of root showed activity against E. coli with zone of inhibition ranging from 9 to 17 mm.Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that the activity of the plant extract may be due to the secondary metabolites or broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds present in it.