Background: Early cancer detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Molecular imaging biomarkers offer the potential for non-invasive, early-stage cancer diagnosis. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of molecular imaging biomarkers for early cancer detection across various imaging modalities and cancer types. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus was performed, covering the period from January 2010 to December 2023. Eligibility criteria included original research articles published in English on molecular imaging biomarkers for early cancer detection in humans. The risk of bias for included studies was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool. The findings were synthesized through narrative synthesis, with quantitative analysis conducted where applicable. Results: In total, 50 studies were included. Positron emission tomography (PET)-based biomarkers showed the highest sensitivity (mean: 89.5%, range: 82–96%) and specificity (mean: 91.2%, range: 85–100%). Novel tracers such as [⁶⁸Ga]-PSMA for prostate cancer and [¹⁸F]-FES for breast cancer demonstrated promising outcomes. Optical imaging techniques showed high specificity in intraoperative settings. Conclusions: Molecular imaging biomarkers show significant potential for improving early cancer detection. Integration into clinical practice could lead to earlier interventions and improved outcomes. Further research is needed to address standardization and cost-effectiveness.

Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used diagnostic modality in healthcare settings, but it carries inherent safety risks. Understanding healthcare providers' knowledge of MRI safety is crucial for ensuring patient and staff safety. This study aimed to assess MRI safety knowledge among physicians and nurses and explore factors influencing this knowledge. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 387 nonimaging healthcare practitioners: physicians and nurses, from different healthcare sectors in Jeddah city. A structured questionnaire assessed their understanding of basic MRI concepts, projectile hazards and contrast media risks. Statistical analyses, including Student's t ‐test and ANOVA, were used to examine differences in knowledge scores. Results: Participants showed limited or poor knowledge across all MRI safety domains, including basic concepts, projectile hazards and contrast media risks, with domain knowledge scores of 31.8%, 33.7% and 32.3%, respectively. Factors having an impact on knowledge of MRI safety were the type of healthcare sector, qualification, work experience, attending workshops and whether the education curriculum included MRI safety ( p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The study highlighted substantial deficits in MRI safety knowledge among nonimaging healthcare practitioners: physicians and nurses. Addressing these gaps through targeted education and training programs is essential for improving patient and staff safety in MRI settings.

Background: Obese individuals have a higher risk of degenerative disc disease (DDD). Currently, body mass index is not sensitive enough to differentiate between muscle and fat distribution, and obesity-related health issues are linked to the way body fat is distributed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between the dorsal subcutaneous fat thickness (DSFT) of the lumbar spine, an alternative measurement tool of body fat distribution, and DDD. Methods: A total of 301 patients with DDD and 123 participants without the disease were recruited. Using length functions of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) console, the DSFT of L1 to S1 intervertebral disc levels was measured in mid-sagittal spin-echo T2 weighted image. The Mann–Whitney U test and Chi-squared test (X2) were utilized to examine any variations between the case and control groups. Logistic regression models were built to explore the association of the DSFT with DDD. Results: The logistical regression model showed a positive association between DDD and DSFT [OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.02–1.64, p = 0.03]. In the stratified logistic regression analysis, a positive association was found between DDD and DSFT among younger participants and females [OR _young: 1.48; 95% CI (1.02–2.20); p = 0.04—OR _female: 1.37; 95% CI (1–1.88); p = 0.05]. Conclusions: Younger females with thicker DSFT at the L1–L2 level are more likely to develop DDD. This suggests that increased DSFT may be a contributing factor to DDD.

Bipolar disorder is a multifaceted psychiatric condition characterized by fluctuating activity levels and dysfunctional mood states, oscillating between manic and depressive episodes. These mood disturbances are accompanied by persistent functional and cognitive impairments, even during periods of euthymia. Prior studies have underscored the critical role of amygdala activity in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. This research aims to utilize resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the functional modifications in the six sub-regions that compose the amygdala of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The study encompassed 80 participants, bifurcated into two groups: 40 individuals with bipolar disorder and 40 healthy controls. Each group comprised an equal gender distribution of 20 females and 20 males, ranging in age from 21 to 50 years. Using rs-fMRI, we examined the functional connectivity within six amygdala sub-regions across eight regional functional networks. Comparative analysis between the control group and the bipolar patients revealed that all six amygdala sub-regions demonstrated connectivity with the eight functional brain networks. Notable similarities and disparities were observed in the connectivity patterns between the bipolar group and controls, particularly within the amygdala's sub-regions and other brain networks. The most significant functional connectivity alterations were found with the salience network and the default mode network. Additionally, alterations in the functional connectivity between the amygdala, sensory-motor, and visual networks were noted in bipolar patients. The study's findings highlight the distinct patterns of resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and various brain networks in differentiating bipolar patients from healthy controls. These variations suggest the existence of multiple pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to emotional dysregulation in bipolar disorder.

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research aims to publish findings of doctors at grass root level and post graduate students, so that all unique medical experiences are recorded in literature.

Background: Mammographic density and family history of breast cancer (FHBC) are well-established independent factors affecting breast cancer risk; however, the association between these two risk factors in premenopausal-screened women remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between mammographic density and FHBC among Saudi premenopausal-screened women. Methods: A total of 446 eligible participants were included in the study. Mammographic density was assessed qualitatively using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS 4th edition). Logistic regression models were built to investigate the relationship between mammographic density and FHBC. Results: Women with a family history of breast cancer demonstrated an 87% greater chance of having dense tissue than women without a family history of breast cancer (95% CI: 1.14–3.08; p = 0.01). Having a positive family history for breast cancer in mothers was significantly associated with dense tissue (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 5.6; 95% CI: 1.3–24.1; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Dense breast tissue in Saudi premenopausal women undergoing screening may be linked to FHBC. If this conclusion is replicated in larger studies, then breast cancer risk prediction models must carefully consider these breast cancer risk factors.