Background: Early cancer detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Molecular imaging biomarkers offer the potential for non-invasive, early-stage cancer diagnosis. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of molecular imaging biomarkers for early cancer detection across various imaging modalities and cancer types. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus was performed, covering the period from January 2010 to December 2023. Eligibility criteria included original research articles published in English on molecular imaging biomarkers for early cancer detection in humans. The risk of bias for included studies was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool. The findings were synthesized through narrative synthesis, with quantitative analysis conducted where applicable. Results: In total, 50 studies were included. Positron emission tomography (PET)-based biomarkers showed the highest sensitivity (mean: 89.5%, range: 82–96%) and specificity (mean: 91.2%, range: 85–100%). Novel tracers such as [⁶⁸Ga]-PSMA for prostate cancer and [¹⁸F]-FES for breast cancer demonstrated promising outcomes. Optical imaging techniques showed high specificity in intraoperative settings. Conclusions: Molecular imaging biomarkers show significant potential for improving early cancer detection. Integration into clinical practice could lead to earlier interventions and improved outcomes. Further research is needed to address standardization and cost-effectiveness.

Introduction: Dynamic Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (dynSPECT) is an advanced functional imaging modality that enables estimation of temporal changes in radiopharmaceutical distribution and physiological function. While dynSPECT has been employed in several clinical applications, it has not been widely applied to liver imaging. This review aims to investigate the role and effectiveness of dynSPECT in assessing hepatic function. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, IEEE, and Web of Science, including all publications available up to December 2025 that assessed liver function using dynSPECT imaging, standard laboratory function tests and clinical scoring systems. Search results were screened by two authors. Included studies were assessed for bias using the QUADAS‐2 quality assessment test tool. Results: Sixteen eligible studies were incorporated in this review, involving 715 participants, of whom 87% (624) had hepatic diseases. Meta‐analysis revealed correlations between dynSPECT measures of liver function and the laboratory tests, including Hepaplastin ( r = 0.5471; 95% CI: 0.4523 to 0.6418), Indocyanine Green (ICG) ( r = −0.461; 95% CI: −0.831 to −0.081), and Bilirubin ( r = −0.425; 95% CI: −0.714 to −0.14). Furthermore, the comparison between the two dynSPECT parameters and clinical scoring systems, including the Child‐Pugh score, MELD, and the histologic activity index (HAI), has a significant effect on liver disease assessment, with a combined p ‐value < 0.001. Conclusion: DynSPECT is a useful tool for the assessment of liver function in patients with hepatic dysfunction, providing results comparable to clinical laboratory function tests and scoring systems.