Introduction: A noninvasive tool to reposition kidney stones could have significant impact in the management of stone disease. Our research group has developed a noninvasive transcutaneous ultrasound device. A review and update of the current status of this technology is provided. Discussion of Technology: Stone propulsion is achieved through short bursts of focused, ultrasonic pulses. The initial system consisted of an eight-element annular array transducer, computer, and separate ultrasound imager. In the current generation, imaging and therapy are completed with one ultrasound system and a commercial probe. This generation allows real-time ultrasound imaging, targeting, and propulsion. Safety and effectiveness for the relocation of calyceal stones have been demonstrated in the porcine model. Role in Endourology: This technology may have applications in repositioning stones as an adjunct to lithotripsy, facilitating clearance of residual fragments after lithotripsy, expelling de novo stones, and potentially repositioning obstructing stones. Human trials are in preparation.

To satisfy future service demands, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) including 5G new radio (NR), 4G long term evolution (LTE), and wireless local area network (WLAN) must coexist, which makes HetNets handover critical considering user equipment mobility. Therefore, a new multiple attribute handover scheme for 5G HetNets is proposed in this paper. An optimal weight selection algorithm is derived considering the network features, types of services, and user preferences. These weights are used in an intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy handover scheme with an optimized candidate list. Results are presented which verify the performance improvement of the proposed handover technique in terms of the network throughput, delay, and handover time.