La trata de personas es un fenómeno vinculado a diferentes finalidades de explotación, como la sexual, laboral, para el matrimonio, la mendicidad, la comisión de delitos o la extracción de órganos. Existen numerosos debates que remiten a una posible sobrerrepresentación de algunas de estas finalidades, como la sexual, en los discursos presentes en normativa internacional, prensa escrita o campañas institucionales. Esto puede derivar en posibles consecuencias sobre la detección de parte de la población afectada por este fenómeno y la atención que se le proporciona. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la evolución temporal de las finalidades de explotación, actores y temas más representados en la actividad sobre trata de personas y explotación acontecida en Twitter durante el periodo 2011-2020. Los resultados arrojan que la explotación sexual es aquella con una mayor presencia en la actividad en esta red social, así como que los organismos internacionales y la persecución penal del delito de trata se tornan progresivamente más relevantes. Además, las redes de comunidades de temas analizadas sugieren que la explotación sexual parece estar vinculada a la idea de prostitución en los tuits publicados. Todo ello puede tener consecuencias sobre el desplazamiento de otras finalidades de explotación o de enfoques como los centrados en la promoción de Derechos Humanos a posiciones menos relevantes, así como sobre la construcción de determinadas imágenes de víctimas de este fenómeno. Human trafficking is a phenomenon linked to several forms of exploitation, such as sexual exploitation, forced labour, forced marriage, begging, forced criminal activity, or organ removal. There are different debates about a potential overrepresentation of some of these exploitation purposes, such as the sexual one, in the discourses underlying international regulations, news or institutional campaigns. This may have consequences on the identification of some of the population affected by this phenomenon and the assistance provided to them. The aim of this paper is to analyse the temporal evolution of the purposes of exploitation, actors and topics most represented in the activity on human trafficking and exploitation on Twitter during the 2011-2020 period. The results show that sexual exploitation is the purpose most represented in Twitter activity and the fact that international organisations and the criminal prosecution of the crime of human trafficking have progressively become more relevant. Furthermore, the networks of topics suggest that sexual exploitation seems to be linked to the notion of prostitution. This may have consequences for the displacement of other purposes of exploitation or the approaches centred on the promotion of human rights to less relevant positions, as well as for the construction of certain images of victims of human trafficking.

The acquisition and strengthening of prosocial behaviors are associated with a reduction in the frequency of antisocial, aggressive or risk behaviors. Thus, its promotion in the context of the implementation of the Organic Law 5/2000, of 12 January, regulating the criminal responsibility of minors would be an effective strategy for the purposes of reeducation and social reintegration that it presupposes. Then, it will be necessary to review the possibilities that the law provides for their development, as well as to detect success factors that contribute to increasing the impact of such interventions. To that end, it will be carried out a comparative analysis of interventions aimed at the promotion of prosocial behaviors in the school context, in the programs developed in detention centers in Andalusia and, lastly, in the implementation of judicial measures of community service, tasks to educate for life in society and probation. The main findings show that an integral approach that involves working with the personal dimensions of temperament and cognitive, moral and socioafective development; the use of active methodologies; the training of the professionals who execute the program; or the involvement of families are among those success factors associated with the different interventions analyzed. Moreover, among the measures included in the Organic Law 5/2000, the community service as a judicial measure and as an out-of-court dispute settlement procedure (in both forms), as well as the conciliation and redress within the latter, result important in relation to the promotion of prosocial behaviors.

La Formación Profesional Dual se introdujo en España en el año 2012 como una de las medidas encaminadas a combatir el elevado desempleo juvenil. Su proceso de desarrollo e implementación se encuentra marcado por la variación autonómica y por la participación de una amplia gama de actores. La evolución de las relaciones entre actores en el ámbito de la FP Dual, sin embargo, todavía no ha sido explorada en España desde el análisis de redes, considerado una perspectiva incipiente y de creciente uso en el ámbito de la investigación educativa internacional. Desde una óptica del análisis de redes sociales, este artículo explora la evolución temporal de la actividad y la conformación de la red de actores que debaten en Twitter sobre la #fpdual durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2011 y 2019. Los resultados alcanzados han permitido trazar los períodos relativos a la fase inicial, la rápida expansión y la consolidación de la actividad en el debate. Estos períodos muestran diferentes tendencias en la incorporación de actores en el debate, que van desde una mayor prominencia de actores individuales educativos a una proliferación de los ámbitos y el nivel a los que estos pertenecen. Destaca el caso de las empresas y, especialmente, el de las fundaciones, que copan un lugar central en la red, tanto en términos de producción como de atención recibida. Estos hallazgos pueden tener implicaciones significativas a la hora de trazar futuras líneas de investigación en relación con la gobernanza del subsistema de Formación Profesional Dual en España.

Workshop Schools are an alternance scheme which combines periods of education and training in educational institutions or training centres for young people at risk of social exclusion between the ages of 16 and 25. The present work of research aims to analyse the logic models underlying the design of these schemes from a historical perspective, specifically from their formation in 1985 up until the year 2020, paying special attention to both individual and structural aspects. Methodology: A qualitative study is carried out based on the analysis of 58 policy documents. Results: The results establish three different phases since the creation of the scheme (employment creation, lifelong learning and employability), analysing the changes produced in the design and relating them to international trends. A progressive self-responsibility forced upon young people rather than a concern on structural problems and barriers characterising the current labour market is also highlighted. Conclusions: Different international trends, such as job creation and the promotion of lifelong learning and employability, have had an influence in the logical models underlying the regulatory documents of the Workshop Schools and, therefore, the social problems and solutions the scheme seeks to provide.

Why Enrol in a Lifelong Learning Programme? A Comparative Study of Austrian and Spanish Young Adults

The purpose of this chapter is to elaborate on how different patterns of governance contribute to the contextualisation of lifelong learning policies in a specific social context. Taking opportunity structures as frames, different specific governance patterns in three different social contexts are analysed and explained. Three case studies of policies implemented in three European functional regions are described: Istria (Croatia), Malaga (Spain) and Vale do Ave (Portugal). Attention is given to lifelong learning policies that are oriented towards raising the levels of employability of young adults. The notion of employability has been put forward at the EU policy level through different strategies (e.g., Education and Training 2010 and 2020 programmes) and it informs the construction of policies on problems and the solutions to be provided. Conceptually, this chapter is based on Bartlett and Vavrus’ (Rethinking case studies research: A comparative approach. Routledge, 2017) proposal to use three axes (transversal, vertical and horizontal) to explore and compare cases. Thus, the authors explore different ways in which the “employability” and other relevant approaches are materialised in and adapted to historically situated contexts (transversal axis), by different actors involved at different levels of local/regional designs and implementation scales (vertical axis) of diverse LLL programmes implemented in three EU regions (horizontal axis).