The study of the aqueous humor (AH) plays a key role in understanding the pathophysiology of glaucoma. The AH provides nutrition, maintains the appropriate intraocular pressure, and provides important information about the mechanisms of the disease. The development of modern technologies has allowed the use of more accurate analytical methods, which has proven to be a key factor in determining the changes occurring in the proteome of the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients. Recently, researchers have observed changes in the levels of proteins associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, the complement system, and extracellular matrix remodeling. They have also shown that these changes may be variable for different types of glaucoma. The objective of this review is to collect and summarize the current knowledge on the potential biomarkers and pathomechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. We hope that our review will contribute to the improvement of current diagnostic methods in this illness and, through a better understanding of the changes occurring during the progression of the disease, will enable the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies in the future.

There is growing interest in the use of natural plant-derived compounds, such as polyphenols (including curcumin), flavonoids, silymarin, anthocyanins, lutein, and zeaxanthin, for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These substances exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects on retinal cells, contributing to the preservation of retinal integrity by modulating the key pathogenic mechanisms of AMD, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and pathological neovascularization. Consequently, they hold potential to support conventional therapeutic approaches and slow disease progression. Current studies highlight their promising role as adjunctive agents in AMD management. This literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential role of the aforementioned natural plant-derived compounds in the prevention and supportive treatment of age-related macular degeneration. It also discusses their natural sources, modes of administration and supplementation, and highlights the importance of a nutrient-rich diet as a key factor in maintaining ocular health. Furthermore, the review synthesizes current scientific knowledge on the ability of natural antioxidants to slow the progression of AMD and outlines future research directions aimed at improving diagnostic methods and developing more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was evaluation of the efficacy and the rate of complication of a foldable sutureless scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SSF-IOL), named Carlevale IOL, for the treatment of aphakia without sufficient capsular support due to trauma or complicated cataract surgery. Methods: Retrospective, consecutive interventional case series. All consecutive eyes with secondary implantation of aphakic SSF-IOL were considered. The primary outcomes were as follows: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error (RE), and intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: SSF-IOL was performed in 21 eyes of 21 patients (7 men and 14 women) with mean age of 74 years (range from 36 to 90 years). The mean follow-up time was 11.4 months. VA improved significantly (p = 0.0007) from 0.38 logMAR at baseline to 0.11 logMAR at the final follow-up. BCVA improved in 18 patients, remained equal in 2 cases, and worsened in 1 case. Mean postoperative RE was −0.83 Diopters (D) (Median = −0.50 D, SD = 1.05 D) and it was less than 1D in 61.9% of patients. Mean IOP at the end of the follow-up was 15.78 mmHg (ranged from 10 to 22 mmHg, SD = 3.65). In one patient a vitreous hemorrhage was observed intraoperatively, but it resolved spontaneously. Postoperative complications included one case of cystoid macular edema and one case of epiretinal membrane. Conclusions: Carlevale SSF-IOL implantation seems to be an effective and safe procedure, ensuring good visual outcomes with a low rate of complication in eyes indicated for secondary IOL implantation.

Keratoconus is a progressive disease that requires precise and rapid diagnosis, as well as the initiation of treatment, to prevent serious and permanent visual impairment. This article presents a comparison of 3D convolutional neural network models for the diagnosis of keratoconus based on...

We present a rare case of sympathetic ophthalmia in the fellow eye of a 59-year-old Caucasian male diagnosed with untreated malignant choroidal melanoma. Initially identified with a medium-sized choroidal melanoma, the patient declined recommended brachytherapy and did not seek medical attention for two years. Upon returning, he exhibited signs of sympathetic ophthalmia in the contralateral eye. Treatment with corticosteroid-based immunosuppression was initiated. After consenting to treatment for the melanoma, the affected left eye was enucleated, and histopathology confirmed spindle cell choroidal melanoma. This case underscores the uncommon development of sympathetic ophthalmia without prior ocular trauma or surgery, linked to untreated choroidal melanoma.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an important tool for recognizing changes in the ocular fundus, but most existing studies are conducted in peacetime clinical environments with advanced diagnostic equipment and stable infrastructure. In contrast, wartime conditions impose severe...