OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução da ingestão de energia e nutrientes e a prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de micronutrientes segundo características sociodemográficas e regiões brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Foi analisado o consumo alimentar de 32.749 indivíduos do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008–2009, por dois registros alimentares, e de 44.744 indivíduos a partir de dois recordatórios de 24 horas em 2017–2018. Estimaram-se a ingestão usual e o percentual de indivíduos com consumo abaixo da necessidade média para cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, cobre e zinco, vitaminas A, C, D, E, tiamina, riboflavina, piridoxina e cobalamina. A ingestão de sódio foi comparada ao valor de referência para reduzir risco de doenças crônicas. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, região e renda. RESULTADOS: A ingestão energética diária média foi de 1.753 kcal em 2008–2009 e 1.748 kcal em 2017–2018. As prevalências de inadequação mais elevadas (> 50%) nos dois períodos foram de cálcio, magnésio, vitaminas A, D e E, piridoxina e, somente entre adolescentes, fósforo. Houve aumento na prevalência de inadequação de vitamina A, riboflavina, cobalamina, magnésio e zinco entre as mulheres, e de riboflavina entre os homens. A prevalência de inadequação diminuiu para a tiamina. A ingestão de sódio foi excessiva em aproximadamente 50% da população nos dois períodos. As variações mais altas (cerca de 50%) nas prevalências de inadequação entre os extremos de renda (< 0,5 salário-mínimo e > 2 salários-mínimos per capita) foram observadas para vitamina B12 e C nos dois períodos. As regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram maiores prevalências de inadequação. CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os inquéritos verificaram prevalências elevadas de inadequação de ingestão de nutrientes e consumo excessivo de sódio. A inadequação varia de acordo com os estratos de renda, aumentando nas regiões mais pobres do país.

There are statistical methods that remove the within-person random error and estimate the usual intake when there is a second 24-h recall (24HR) for at least a subsample of the study population. We aimed to compare the distribution of usual food intake estimated by statistical models with the distribution of observed usual intake. A total of 302 individuals from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) answered twenty, non-consecutive 24HR; the average length of follow-up was 3 months. The usual food intake was considered as the average of the 20 collection days of food intake. Using data sets with a pair of 2 collection days, usual percentiles of intake of the selected foods using two methods were estimated (National Cancer Institute (NCI) method and Multiple Source Method (MSM)). These estimates were compared with the percentiles of the observed usual intake. Selected foods comprised a range of parameter distributions: skewness, percentage of zero intakes and within- and between-person intakes. Both methods performed well but failed in some situations. In most cases, NCI and MSM produced similar percentiles between each other and values very close to the true intake, and they better represented the usual intake compared with 2-d mean. The smallest precision was observed in the upper tail of the distribution. In spite of the underestimation and overestimation of percentiles of intake, from a public health standpoint, these biases appear not to be of major concern.

Objective: The present study aimed to compare Household Budget Survey (HBS) data on food purchasing and individual food consumption, collected in the same nationwide survey.Design: Food purchase information for each household was collected by a seven-day collective acquisition diary, applied to 55 970 households. Food consumption information was obtained from household members over 10 years old by the application of two non-consecutive food records in a sub-sample of the HBS. Cooking and correction factors were applied when necessary, and all food items reported were grouped into twelve main food groups. Food purchase and consumption data were presented as absolute weight (g/person per d) and as relative contribution to energy intake (%) for the overall study population, which was stratified according to household income.Setting: Brazil.Participants: National estimates of food consumption and purchase for Brazil.Results: The greatest differences between purchase and consumption data (purchase minus consumption) were observed for meat (−168 g), beans/legumes (−48 g), roots/tubers (−36 g) and fruits (−31 g). When expressed in terms of energy contribution, the highest differences were found for cereals (13 %) and oils and fats (11 %). Differences between purchase and consumption data were generally lower in the highest compared with the lowest household income quintile; and were lower for most main food groups when considering only foods reported as being eaten at home.Conclusions: With few exceptions, food purchase expressed as relative energy contribution, as opposed to absolute weight, can provide a good picture of actual consumption in the Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the lowest cost of a healthy and culturally acceptable diet and to assess the evolution of its cost in the periods 2008–2009 and 2017–2018. METHODS We used data on the individual food consumption and food prices from the Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (Household Budget Surveys), in the 2008–2009 and 2017–2018. The sample strata of each period were aggregated, forming 108 new strata with geographic and economic homogeneity. Linear programming models generated diets for each new stratum, considering the constraints in two models: model 1 (≥ 400g of fruits and vegetables); and model 2 (≥ 400g of fruits and vegetables, < 2300mg of sodium, sodium/potassium ratio < 1, ≥ 500mg of calcium). Each food could progressively deviate 5g from the observed consumption averages until the models found a solution in each of the strata. The objective function was to minimize the total cost of the diet. RESULTS The average observed and optimized costs were R$4.96, R$4.62 (model 1) and R$5.08 (model 2) in 2008–2009, and R$9.18, R$8.69 and R$9.87 in 2017–2018. Models 1 and 2 resulted in an increase of up to 6% and 11% in 2008–2009, and of up to 25% and 34% in 2017–2018 in the lowest income strata. The main changes observed in the two models include the reduction in the amounts of sweetened beverages, sweets, sauces, ready-to-eat foods, and an increase in fruits and vegetables, flour, and tubers. CONCLUSION The adequate amount of fruits and vegetables resulted in an increase in costs to some population strata. When the adequacy of calcium, sodium, and potassium was considered, we observed a more significant increase in cost, especially in 2017–2018.

Aims: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, obesity, and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2015 at a diabetes reference center in Rio de Janeiro. Sociodemographic data and those related to outpatient follow-ups were obtained from the medical records. The assessment of food consumption was performed using a 24 h food recall. Obesity was defined as body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) ≥ +1 z-score. Glycemic control was assessed using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Dietary patterns were generated by factorial analysis, and each individual’s adherence to these dietary patterns was determined by the factor loadings and then classified into terciles. Results: The study population included 120 children and adolescents, among whom 5 dietary patterns were identified. The prevalence of obesity was 31.7% (n = 38), and 64.2% (n = 77) of the participants had inadequate glycemic control. We observed that individuals with higher adherence to dietary pattern five, characterized by a greater consumption of ultra-processed foods, had higher odds of having higher HbA1c levels (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.18–11.16). Conclusions: Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods can be detrimental to glycemic control in children and adolescents. Thus, food intake monitoring is of paramount importance as part of the multidisciplinary care of patients with T1DM.

Resumo O estudo avaliou a viabilidade da adequação de cardápios em relação às exigências nutricionais estabelecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e a relação entre o custo do cardápio. Cada cardápio semanal contou de uma combinação de alimentos dentro de cada grupo. Para cada combinação de alimentos foi elaborado um modelo de otimização de dados para obter as quantidades de cada alimento de forma a atender às exigências do PNAE ao menor custo possível (cardápios com 20% e 30% da ingestão dietética de referência para energia, macronutrientes, cálcio, ferro, magnésio, zinco, vitaminas A e C, além de restrições para sódio, gorduras saturada e trans, e açúcar de adição). Não foi obtida nenhuma solução que acomodasse todas as exigências do PNAE. Os componentes limitantes foram cálcio, sódio e carboidratos; para os demais os cardápios foram adequados. O custo foi diretamente correlacionado com a frequência de carne e frutas, e inversamente com os conteúdos de sódio e carboidratos, e com as frequências de arroz e feijão. A probabilidade de adequação de carboidratos foi próxima de zero quando a frequência de carne foi acima de 1 vez por semana. Concluindo, é pouco provável a obtenção de cardápios que atendam à todas as exigências do PNAE.