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Tracy A. McCaffrey
Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Monash University Melbourne Australia

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Original research
Published: 09 June 2021 in Nutrition & Dietetics
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Aim To inform future training and professional development for individuals who measure, analyse and interpret dietary intake data. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was distributed via e-newsletter to members of Dietitians Australia, Dietitian Connection and Nutrition Society Australia. The survey included 37 questions on three key areas of practice: (a) methods used to assess dietary intake, (b) barriers faced when conducting dietary intake assessment and (c) resources needed to optimise collection, analysis and interpretation of dietary intake data. Results Of 173 responses, 103 respondents provided complete data over 2 weeks. Of these, 76% were APDs. The majority (90%) indicated that dietary assessment was important in their role. Respondents (63%) undertook dietary assessments to inform individual/patient care. When assessing intakes, the majority (79%) were interested in examining food/food group intakes. Paper based methods were most commonly used and diet histories, food frequency questionnaires and 24-hour recalls were the most frequently used methods. The biggest barrier identified to implementing dietary assessment methods into practice was participant burden. Over a third of respondents reported they had received specific training on selecting an appropriate dietary assessment method. The majority of respondents (83%) believed having access to a dietary assessment methods toolkit would be useful. Conclusion Survey findings provide insight into the need for further capacity building strategies, including professional development to improve collection, analysis and interpretation of dietary intake for Australian nutritionists and dietitians. The creation of online resources could help overcome identified barriers and provide a link to best practice methodologies and contemporary tools.

ACS Style

Melinda Hutchesson; Megan Rollo; Tracy Burrows; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Sharon I. Kirkpatrick; Deborah Kerr; Helen Truby; Erin Clarke; Clare E. Collins. Current practice, perceived barriers and resource needs related to measurement of dietary intake, analysis and interpretation of data: A survey of Australian nutrition and dietetics practitioners and researchers. Nutrition & Dietetics 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Melinda Hutchesson, Megan Rollo, Tracy Burrows, Tracy A. McCaffrey, Sharon I. Kirkpatrick, Deborah Kerr, Helen Truby, Erin Clarke, Clare E. Collins. Current practice, perceived barriers and resource needs related to measurement of dietary intake, analysis and interpretation of data: A survey of Australian nutrition and dietetics practitioners and researchers. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melinda Hutchesson; Megan Rollo; Tracy Burrows; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Sharon I. Kirkpatrick; Deborah Kerr; Helen Truby; Erin Clarke; Clare E. Collins. 2021. "Current practice, perceived barriers and resource needs related to measurement of dietary intake, analysis and interpretation of data: A survey of Australian nutrition and dietetics practitioners and researchers." Nutrition & Dietetics , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Nutrients
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Young adults are constantly exposed to energy-dense, nutrient-poor food and beverages, particularly through advertising. Exposure can influence poor food choices and negatively impact health. This study aimed to understand young adults’ attitudes and experiences associated with food-related advertisements, particularly on social media. This qualitative analysis involved n = 166 Australian 18 to 24-year-olds who were involved in a four-week online conversation on different areas relating to health, social media, and eating. Inductive thematic analysis was utilised on two forums on the recall and perceptions of food-related advertisements. Young adults commonly mentioned aspects of the marketing mix (promotion, product, price, and place) in food advertisements. Participants were more readily able to recall energy-dense, nutrient-poor food advertisements compared to healthy food-related advertisements. Digital advertisements were often discussed alongside the use of ad-blockers and algorithms which tailored their social media viewing to what they like. Participants felt constant exposure to unhealthy food advertisements hindered their ability to realise healthy eating behaviours and created feelings of guilt. This current analysis highlights the need to provide an advertising environment that appropriately motivates healthy eating and a food environment that allows healthy food to be the affordable and convenient option.

ACS Style

Annika Molenaar; Wei Saw; Linda Brennan; Mike Reid; Megan Lim; Tracy McCaffrey. Effects of Advertising: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults’ Engagement with Social Media About Food. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1934 .

AMA Style

Annika Molenaar, Wei Saw, Linda Brennan, Mike Reid, Megan Lim, Tracy McCaffrey. Effects of Advertising: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults’ Engagement with Social Media About Food. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (6):1934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annika Molenaar; Wei Saw; Linda Brennan; Mike Reid; Megan Lim; Tracy McCaffrey. 2021. "Effects of Advertising: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults’ Engagement with Social Media About Food." Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1934.

Review
Published: 25 May 2021 in Nutrients
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Inadequate dietary intakes are a key modifiable risk factor to reduce the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. To encourage healthy eating and behaviour change, innovative public health interventions are required. Social marketing, in particular segmentation, can be used to understand and target specific population groups. However, segmentation often uses demographic factors, ignoring the reasons behind why people behave the way they do. This review aims to explore the food and nutrition related research that has utilised psycho-behavioural segmentation. Six databases from were searched in June 2020. Inclusion criteria were: published 2010 onwards, segmentation by psycho-behavioural variables, outcome related to food or nutrition, and healthy adult population over 18 years. 30 studies were included; most were quantitative (n = 28) and all studies used post-hoc segmentation methods, with the tools used to segment the population varying. None of the segments generated were targeted in future research. Psycho-behavioural factors are key in understanding people’s behaviour. However, when used in post-hoc segmentation, do not allow for effective targeting as there is no prior understanding of behaviours that need to change within each segment. In future, we should move towards hybrid segmentation to assist with the design of interventions that target behaviours such as healthy eating.

ACS Style

Eva Jenkins; Samara Legrand; Linda Brennan; Annika Molenaar; Mike Reid; Tracy McCaffrey. Psycho-Behavioural Segmentation in Food and Nutrition: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1795 .

AMA Style

Eva Jenkins, Samara Legrand, Linda Brennan, Annika Molenaar, Mike Reid, Tracy McCaffrey. Psycho-Behavioural Segmentation in Food and Nutrition: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (6):1795.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Jenkins; Samara Legrand; Linda Brennan; Annika Molenaar; Mike Reid; Tracy McCaffrey. 2021. "Psycho-Behavioural Segmentation in Food and Nutrition: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature." Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1795.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Nutrition
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Objective: Mis-reporting is common in dietary assessment leading to misinterpretation of disease risk and could be important in older adults with increased chronic disease risk. The study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of mis-reporting among older adults and its association with health outcomes including quality of life (QoL). Methods: The study was conducted in 335 community dwelling older adults at increased cardiovascular risk, participating in the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure Study (SCREEN-HF) dietary sub-study. Diet was assessed using four-day weighed food diaries, QOL measured through Short Form-36 (SF36) and physical activity assessed using the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) physical activity questionnaire. Dietary mis-reporting was defined based on Goldberg cut-offs, using individual physical activity levels (PAL). Odds ratios were determined to establish associations between mis-reporting and health outcomes. Results: The prevalence of mis-reporting among older adults was found to be 49.3%, with 44.5% of women mis-reporting their energy intake. The study found under-reporting of energy to be associated with body mass index (BMI), specifically overweight (odds ratio = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.54, 6.15) and obese (odds ratio=6.60, 95% CI: 3.05, 14.26) and also with physical inactivity (odds ratio =0.24, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.43). Only physical inactivity predicted over-reporting of dietary intake (odds ratio=7.52, 95% CI: 1.57, 36.0). Conclusion: Dietary under-reporting was associated with being overweight, obese, and physically inactive in addition to the absence of comorbidities, reinforcing the need for further research in older adults to factor in dietary mis-reporting for meaningful diet-disease relationship analysis.

ACS Style

Thara Govindaraju; Tracy A McCaffrey; John J McNeil; Christopher M Reid; Ben J Smith; Duncan J Campbell; Alice J Owen. Mis-reporting of energy intake among older Australian adults: Prevalence, characteristics, and associations with quality of life. Nutrition 2021, 90, 111259 .

AMA Style

Thara Govindaraju, Tracy A McCaffrey, John J McNeil, Christopher M Reid, Ben J Smith, Duncan J Campbell, Alice J Owen. Mis-reporting of energy intake among older Australian adults: Prevalence, characteristics, and associations with quality of life. Nutrition. 2021; 90 ():111259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thara Govindaraju; Tracy A McCaffrey; John J McNeil; Christopher M Reid; Ben J Smith; Duncan J Campbell; Alice J Owen. 2021. "Mis-reporting of energy intake among older Australian adults: Prevalence, characteristics, and associations with quality of life." Nutrition 90, no. : 111259.

Full papers
Published: 10 December 2020 in British Journal of Nutrition
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FFQ, the primary method of dietary assessment in large-scale nutritional epidemiological studies, preclude an informed evaluation of the timing of dietary intake and meal-specific dietary intake. In this study, we developed the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ), a self-administered questionnaire designed for estimating food and nutrient intakes for each meal type separately. The development was done based on a 16-d dietary record obtained from 242 Japanese adults. The MDHQ consisted of the three different parts, with a total of 196 items. Part 1 of the MDHQ asks about consumption frequency of generic food groups (n 24) for each meal type: breakfast, morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner and night snack. Part 2 of the MDHQ asks about relative consumption frequency of sub-food groups within one of the generic food groups which are asked in Part 1. Combining information derived from Parts 1 and 2 enables us to increase the number of foods we can estimate efficiently but within a limited number of questions. Part 3 of the MDHQ asks about general eating behaviours, which are intended to use in a variety of ways during dietary intake calculation. A series of calculation algorithms for food groups, energy and nutrients was also prepared. Given that the MDHQ was empirically developed based on comprehensive information on actual food consumption, this innovative tool may be promising for future epidemiological research on meal patterns and time of day of dietary intake, or chrono-nutrition research. A rigorous evaluation of validity of the MDHQ is warranted.

ACS Style

Kentaro Murakami; Nana Shinozaki; Tracy A. McCaffrey; M. Barbara E. Livingstone; Satoshi Sasaki. Data-driven development of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire for Japanese adults. British Journal of Nutrition 2020, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Kentaro Murakami, Nana Shinozaki, Tracy A. McCaffrey, M. Barbara E. Livingstone, Satoshi Sasaki. Data-driven development of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire for Japanese adults. British Journal of Nutrition. 2020; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kentaro Murakami; Nana Shinozaki; Tracy A. McCaffrey; M. Barbara E. Livingstone; Satoshi Sasaki. 2020. "Data-driven development of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire for Japanese adults." British Journal of Nutrition , no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2020 in Nutrients
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Obesity, sedentary behaviour, and poor dietary habits amongst young adults are growing concerns, with this age group being in a worse state of health and nutrition than adolescents and adults. This paper presents the procedures for establishing a new instrument for defining behaviours in relation to healthy lifestyle and food choices amongst young adults (Living and Eating for Health Segments: LEHS). The aim of this paper is to outline the instrument design protocol for external validation and to permit replication in other studies. The instrument design process used a multi-step social marketing instrument design method. This approach has previously been used in designing valid and reliable measures in marketing and consumer research, including social marketing. The protocol established six psycho-behavioural LEHS profiles for young adults. These profiles are: Lifestyle Mavens (15.4%), Aspirational Healthy Eaters (27.5%), Balanced-all Rounders (21.4%), Health Conscious (21.1%), Contemplating Another Day (11.2%), and Blissfully Unconcerned (3.4%). Each of these profiles provided insights into psycho-behavioural characteristics that can be used in designing apposite social media social marketing campaigns.

ACS Style

Linda Brennan; ShinYi Chin; Annika Molenaar; Amy M. Barklamb; Megan Sc Lim; Mike Reid; Helen Truby; Eva L. Jenkins; Tracy A. McCaffrey. Beyond Body Weight: Design and Validation of Psycho-Behavioural Living and Eating for Health Segments (LEHS) Profiles for Social Marketing. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2882 .

AMA Style

Linda Brennan, ShinYi Chin, Annika Molenaar, Amy M. Barklamb, Megan Sc Lim, Mike Reid, Helen Truby, Eva L. Jenkins, Tracy A. McCaffrey. Beyond Body Weight: Design and Validation of Psycho-Behavioural Living and Eating for Health Segments (LEHS) Profiles for Social Marketing. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (9):2882.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Brennan; ShinYi Chin; Annika Molenaar; Amy M. Barklamb; Megan Sc Lim; Mike Reid; Helen Truby; Eva L. Jenkins; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2020. "Beyond Body Weight: Design and Validation of Psycho-Behavioural Living and Eating for Health Segments (LEHS) Profiles for Social Marketing." Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2882.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Nutrients
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Health promoters have been unable to reach and engage people on social media (SM) to the extent that food industry brands and lifestyle personalities have. The objective of this study was to identify the SM post strategies associated with higher engagement in nutrition and food-related posts using a retrospective content analysis. The six most engaging posts from both Facebook and Instagram’s 10 most successful nutrition and food-related accounts were analysed across four fields. Subjective and objective post strategies were coded on 736 posts, and associations with engagement were explored using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). Lifestyle personalities recorded the highest absolute engagement, while health promoters recorded the highest engagement relative to follower count. Strategies associated with higher Facebook engagement included using hashtags and prompting engagement through announcements, while on Instagram, higher engagement was associated with higher caption counts, providing health information links, prompting engagement through strategies that require an action, and using humorous strategies. Strategies associated with lower Instagram engagement included reposted content, general encouragement to eat strategies, encouragement to exercise strategies, not inducing any emotion/hedonic sensations, and providing a negative tone. Health promoters should adapt SM posts to the different SM platforms and utilise strategies associated with higher engagement to engage with their audience on SM.

ACS Style

Amy M. Barklamb; Annika Molenaar; Linda Brennan; Stephanie Evans; Jamie Choong; Emma Herron; Mike Reid; Tracy A. McCaffrey. Learning the Language of Social Media: A Comparison of Engagement Metrics and Social Media Strategies Used by Food and Nutrition-Related Social Media Accounts. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2839 .

AMA Style

Amy M. Barklamb, Annika Molenaar, Linda Brennan, Stephanie Evans, Jamie Choong, Emma Herron, Mike Reid, Tracy A. McCaffrey. Learning the Language of Social Media: A Comparison of Engagement Metrics and Social Media Strategies Used by Food and Nutrition-Related Social Media Accounts. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (9):2839.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amy M. Barklamb; Annika Molenaar; Linda Brennan; Stephanie Evans; Jamie Choong; Emma Herron; Mike Reid; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2020. "Learning the Language of Social Media: A Comparison of Engagement Metrics and Social Media Strategies Used by Food and Nutrition-Related Social Media Accounts." Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2839.

Review
Published: 23 July 2020 in Journal of Medical Internet Research
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Background Nutrition science is currently facing issues regarding the public’s perception of its credibility, with social media (SM) influencers increasingly becoming a key source for nutrition-related information with high engagement rates. Source credibility and, to an extent, authenticity have been widely studied in marketing and communications but have not yet been considered in the context of nutrition or health communication. Thus, an investigation into the factors that impact perceived source and message credibility and authenticity is of interest to inform health communication on SM. Objective This study aims to explore the factors that impact message and source credibility (which includes trustworthiness and expertise) or authenticity judgments on SM platforms to better inform nutrition science SM communication best practices. Methods A total of 6 databases across a variety of disciplines were searched in March 2019. The inclusion criteria were experimental studies, studies focusing on microblogs, studies focusing on healthy adult populations, and studies focusing on either source credibility or authenticity. Exclusion criteria were studies involving participants aged under 18 years and clinical populations, gray literature, blogs, WeChat conversations, web-based reviews, non-English papers, and studies not involving participants’ perceptions. Results Overall, 22 eligible papers were included, giving a total of 25 research studies. Among these studies, Facebook and Twitter were the most common SM platforms investigated. The most effective communication style differed depending on the SM platform. Factors reported to impact credibility included language used online, expertise heuristics, and bandwagon heuristics. No papers were found that assessed authenticity. Conclusions Credibility and authenticity are important concepts studied extensively in the marketing and communications disciplines; however, further research is required in a health context. Instagram is a less-researched platform in comparison with Facebook and Twitter.

ACS Style

Eva L Jenkins; Jasmina Ilicic; Amy M Barklamb; Tracy A McCaffrey. Assessing the Credibility and Authenticity of Social Media Content for Applications in Health Communication: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020, 22, e17296 .

AMA Style

Eva L Jenkins, Jasmina Ilicic, Amy M Barklamb, Tracy A McCaffrey. Assessing the Credibility and Authenticity of Social Media Content for Applications in Health Communication: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020; 22 (7):e17296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva L Jenkins; Jasmina Ilicic; Amy M Barklamb; Tracy A McCaffrey. 2020. "Assessing the Credibility and Authenticity of Social Media Content for Applications in Health Communication: Scoping Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7: e17296.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Nutrients
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Communicating evidence-based nutrition messages to the public is challenging and is often in conflict with popular opinions, particularly from social media influencers (SMIs). In order to increase engagement with nutrition professionals (NPs) on social media, we aimed to explore young adults’ perceptions of the authenticity and trustworthiness of SMIs and NPs Instagram posts. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to students (n = 149) from an Australian University. Participants viewed a real-life Instagram profile and one post from both a NP and a SMI. Main outcomes were post authenticity and trustworthiness, and emotional message appeals measured on five-point Likert scales. Regression models were developed to assess whose post (the NP or SMI) was perceived to be more authentic and trustworthy. Participants were young adults (median age (25th, 75th percentiles): 20 (19,21)), with approximately half identifying as female. A high heroic message appeal (+1SD above mean) significantly increased the perceived authenticity of the NPs post only (p = 0.01). Post authenticity enhanced post trustworthiness, but only when a heroic message appeal was used by the NP. When appropriate, NPs should convey positive emotions such as bravery and success to enhance the authenticity and trustworthiness of their posts.

ACS Style

Eva L. Jenkins; Jasmina Ilicic; Annika Molenaar; ShinYi Chin; Tracy A. McCaffrey. Strategies to Improve Health Communication: Can Health Professionals Be Heroes? Nutrients 2020, 12, 1861 .

AMA Style

Eva L. Jenkins, Jasmina Ilicic, Annika Molenaar, ShinYi Chin, Tracy A. McCaffrey. Strategies to Improve Health Communication: Can Health Professionals Be Heroes? Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1861.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva L. Jenkins; Jasmina Ilicic; Annika Molenaar; ShinYi Chin; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2020. "Strategies to Improve Health Communication: Can Health Professionals Be Heroes?" Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1861.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2020 in JMIR Research Protocols
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Background Web-based health interventions may be easier to access and time efficient relative to face-to-face interventions and therefore may be the most appropriate mode to engage young adults. Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of 3 different levels of personalized web-based dietary feedback and support on changes in diet quality. Methods The Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) study is a 12-month assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of 3 levels of web-based feedback on diet quality, measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). Participants (N=2570) will primarily be recruited via web-based methods and randomized to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 (control) will receive the Healthy Eating Quiz, a web-based dietary assessment tool that generates a brief feedback report on diet quality. Individuals randomized to this group can use the brief feedback report to make positive dietary changes. Group 2 will receive the Australian Eating Survey, a web-based dietary assessment tool that generates a comprehensive feedback report on diet quality as well as macro- and micronutrient intake. Group 2 will use the comprehensive feedback report to assist in making positive dietary changes. They will also have access to the Aim4Me website with resources on healthy eating and tools to set goals and self-monitor progress. Group 3 will receive the same intervention as Group 2 (ie, the comprehensive feedback report) in addition to a tailored 30-min video consultation with an accredited practicing dietitian who will use the comprehensive feedback report to assist individuals in making positive dietary changes. The self-determination theory was used as the framework for selecting appropriate website features, including goal setting and self-monitoring. The primary outcome measure is change in diet quality. The completion of questionnaires at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months will be incentivized with a monetary prize draw. Results As of December 2019, 1277 participants have been randomized. Conclusions The web-based delivery of nutrition interventions has the potential to improve dietary intake of young adults. However, the level of support required to improve intake is unknown. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000325202; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374420 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15999

ACS Style

Rebecca L Haslam; Kristine Pezdirc; Helen Truby; John Attia; Melinda Hutchesson; Tracy Burrows; Robin Callister; Leanne Hides; Billie Bonevski; Deborah A Kerr; David Lubans; Sharon Kirkpatrick; Megan Rollo; Tracy McCaffrey; Clare E Collins. Investigating the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Delivered Personalized Feedback on Dietary Patterns in Young Australian Adults in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2020, 9, e15999 .

AMA Style

Rebecca L Haslam, Kristine Pezdirc, Helen Truby, John Attia, Melinda Hutchesson, Tracy Burrows, Robin Callister, Leanne Hides, Billie Bonevski, Deborah A Kerr, David Lubans, Sharon Kirkpatrick, Megan Rollo, Tracy McCaffrey, Clare E Collins. Investigating the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Delivered Personalized Feedback on Dietary Patterns in Young Australian Adults in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols. 2020; 9 (5):e15999.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca L Haslam; Kristine Pezdirc; Helen Truby; John Attia; Melinda Hutchesson; Tracy Burrows; Robin Callister; Leanne Hides; Billie Bonevski; Deborah A Kerr; David Lubans; Sharon Kirkpatrick; Megan Rollo; Tracy McCaffrey; Clare E Collins. 2020. "Investigating the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Delivered Personalized Feedback on Dietary Patterns in Young Australian Adults in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 5: e15999.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Nutrients
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The aim of this study was to assess the relative validity and reproducibility of a six-item Australian Short Dietary Screener (Aus-SDS). The Aus-SDS assessed the daily intake of core food groups (vegetables, fruits, legumes and beans, cereals, protein sources and dairy sources) in 100 Australians (52 males and 48 females) aged ≥70 years. Relative validity was assessed by comparing intakes from the Aus-SDS1 with an average of three 24-h recalls (24-HRs), and reproducibility using two administrations of the Aus-SDS (Aus-SDS1 and Aus-SDS2). Cohen’s kappa statistic between the Aus-SDS1 and 24-HRs showed moderate to good agreement, ranging from 0.44 for fruits and dairy to 0.64 for protein. There was poor agreement for legume intake (0.12). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated acceptable limits of agreement between the Aus-SDS1 and 24-HRs for all food groups. Median intakes obtained from Aus-SDS1 and Aus-SDS2 did not differ. For all food groups, Cohen’s kappa statistic ranged from 0.68 to 0.89, indicating acceptable agreement between the Aus-SDS1 and Aus-SDS2. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between Aus-SDS1 and 24-HRs across all food groups ranged from 0.64 for fruit to 0.83 for protein. We found the Aus-SDS to be a useful tool in assessing daily intake of core food groups in this population.

ACS Style

Adelle M. Gadowski; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Stephane Heritier; Andrea J. Curtis; Natalie Nanayakkara; Sophia Zoungas; Alice J. Owen. Development, Relative Validity and Reproducibility of the Aus-SDS (Australian Short Dietary Screener) in Adults Aged 70 Years and above. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1436 .

AMA Style

Adelle M. Gadowski, Tracy A. McCaffrey, Stephane Heritier, Andrea J. Curtis, Natalie Nanayakkara, Sophia Zoungas, Alice J. Owen. Development, Relative Validity and Reproducibility of the Aus-SDS (Australian Short Dietary Screener) in Adults Aged 70 Years and above. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (5):1436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adelle M. Gadowski; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Stephane Heritier; Andrea J. Curtis; Natalie Nanayakkara; Sophia Zoungas; Alice J. Owen. 2020. "Development, Relative Validity and Reproducibility of the Aus-SDS (Australian Short Dietary Screener) in Adults Aged 70 Years and above." Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1436.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
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Background Poor dietary choices are a risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Young adults have low levels of engagement towards their health and may not see the importance in the adoption of healthy eating behaviours at this stage in their lives. Here we utilise social marketing principles, digital ethnography and online conversations to gain insights into young adults’ attitudes and sentiments towards healthy eating. Methods Young Australian adults who use social media at least twice a day were recruited by a commercial field house. Using a mixture of methods, combining online polls, forums and conversations, participants (n = 195, 18–24 years old) engaged in facilitated discussions over an extended 4 week period about health and eating-related topics. Data were analysed using thematic analysis constant comparison approach. A post-hoc conceptual framework related to religion was theorised and used as a metaphor to describe the results. Results Findings demonstrate that different segments of young adults with varying attitudes and interest towards healthy eating exist. We developed a conceptual framework based on consumer segmentation which adopted religious metaphors as a typology of ‘consumers’. Some young adults practice and believe in the message of healthy eating (saints), whilst some oppose these messages and are not motivated to make any change (sinners), another segment are both aware of and interested in the issues but do not put healthy eating behaviours as a current priority (person in the pew). Conclusions Consumer segmentation and social marketing techniques assist health professionals to understand their target audience and tailor specific messages to different segments. Segmentation provides insights on which groups may be most easily influenced to adopt the desired behaviours. The typology presented may be a useful tool for health professionals and social marketers to design strategies to engage young adults in healthy eating, particularly those in the pew who are contemplating a change but lacking the motivation. The utilisation of marketing segmentation in health promotion has the potential to enhance health messaging by tailoring messages to specific segments based on their needs, beliefs and intentions and therefore drive the efficient use of resources towards those most likely to change.

ACS Style

Linda Brennan; Karen Klassen; Enqi Weng; ShinYi Chin; Annika Molenaar; Michael Reid; Helen Truby; Tracy A. McCaffrey. A social marketing perspective of young adults' concepts of eating for health: is it a question of morality? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2020, 17, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Linda Brennan, Karen Klassen, Enqi Weng, ShinYi Chin, Annika Molenaar, Michael Reid, Helen Truby, Tracy A. McCaffrey. A social marketing perspective of young adults' concepts of eating for health: is it a question of morality? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2020; 17 (1):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Brennan; Karen Klassen; Enqi Weng; ShinYi Chin; Annika Molenaar; Michael Reid; Helen Truby; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2020. "A social marketing perspective of young adults' concepts of eating for health: is it a question of morality?" International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 17, no. 1: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2020 in Nutrients
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Young adults (YA) are in a critical stage of life for the encouragement of healthy behaviours such as healthy eating and exercising. This research explored Australian YA values and perceptions related to health, healthy behaviours and health promotion efforts. This qualitative analysis involved n = 166, Australian 18–24 year-olds recruited through a market research field house. Participants (63% currently studying at tertiary level) engaged in a facilitated in-depth online conversation around health and healthy eating over four weeks. LeximancerTM and manual inductive thematic coding were utilised for analysis via the lens of emerging adulthood and health communication theories. Health was seen as multi-faceted, with particular importance placed on mental health and exercise. Some participants focussed on physical appearance, often fuelled by comparison to others. Many believed that at their age and health status, adopting health-enhancing behaviours without short-term tangible benefits was not a priority. Participants did not prioritise health-enhancing behaviours due to barriers such as a perceived lack of money, knowledge and time often due to studying or working and perceived effort. Strategies they proposed to encourage healthy eating included: incentivising healthy food; quick and affordable healthy recipes; and communicating the short-term tangible benefits of healthy behaviours. There is a need for focussed health messaging that address the needs and desires of YA and directly address the barriers they face.

ACS Style

Annika Molenaar; Tammie S. T. Choi; Linda Brennan; Mike Reid; Megan S. C. Lim; Helen Truby; Tracy A. McCaffrey. Language of Health of Young Australian Adults: A Qualitative Exploration of Perceptions of Health, Wellbeing and Health Promotion via Online Conversations. Nutrients 2020, 12, 887 .

AMA Style

Annika Molenaar, Tammie S. T. Choi, Linda Brennan, Mike Reid, Megan S. C. Lim, Helen Truby, Tracy A. McCaffrey. Language of Health of Young Australian Adults: A Qualitative Exploration of Perceptions of Health, Wellbeing and Health Promotion via Online Conversations. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (4):887.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annika Molenaar; Tammie S. T. Choi; Linda Brennan; Mike Reid; Megan S. C. Lim; Helen Truby; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2020. "Language of Health of Young Australian Adults: A Qualitative Exploration of Perceptions of Health, Wellbeing and Health Promotion via Online Conversations." Nutrients 12, no. 4: 887.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2020 in Nutrients
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This study examined the relationship between diet quality scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in regionally-dwelling older Australian adults with increased cardiovascular risk. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic risk factor data from 458 participants of the Cardiovascular Stream of the Hazelwood Health Study. Participants completed a 120 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, diabetes, and body mass index was used to examine the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean (SD) age of participants was 71 (8) years, and 55% were male. More than half of men and women did not meet recommended intakes of fibre, while 60% of men and 42% of women exceeded recommended dietary sodium intakes. Higher diet quality in terms of intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed meat, as well as intake of non-fried fish, was associated with more favourable cardiometabolic risk profiles, while sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factor levels. In older, regionally-dwelling adults, dietary public health strategies that address whole grain products, vegetable and fish consumption, and sugar-sweetened soft-drink intake may be of benefit in reducing cardiometabolic risk.

ACS Style

Alice J. Owen; Michael J. Abramson; Jill F. Ikin; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Sylvia Pomeroy; Brigitte M. Borg; Caroline X. Gao; David Brown; Danny Liew. Recommended Intake of Key Food Groups and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Australian Older, Rural-Dwelling Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 860 .

AMA Style

Alice J. Owen, Michael J. Abramson, Jill F. Ikin, Tracy A. McCaffrey, Sylvia Pomeroy, Brigitte M. Borg, Caroline X. Gao, David Brown, Danny Liew. Recommended Intake of Key Food Groups and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Australian Older, Rural-Dwelling Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (3):860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alice J. Owen; Michael J. Abramson; Jill F. Ikin; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Sylvia Pomeroy; Brigitte M. Borg; Caroline X. Gao; David Brown; Danny Liew. 2020. "Recommended Intake of Key Food Groups and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Australian Older, Rural-Dwelling Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 3: 860.

Review
Published: 22 January 2020 in Nutrients
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Food-health claims are an important method of translating nutrition research to consumers. Whey and colostrum are thought to exert health benefits to adults, but it is unclear what measurable, objective health benefits they impart. This review aimed to identify the objective health benefits of bovine whey or colostrum-based beverages to healthy adults aged ≥35 years to substantiate a food-health claim. Seven databases were systematically searched. Eligible articles were RCTs that involved healthy adults aged ≥35 years, consuming whey or colostrum in beverage form and measuring objective health markers. Quality assessment and data extraction was conducted in duplicate. The searches identified 9943 papers and 16 were included in this review; 13 studies, reported across 15 papers, related to whey, one study to colostrum. The outcomes identified were body composition, bone mineral density, biochemical markers, such as blood glucose and lipids, and muscle strength and synthesis. Heterogeneous outcomes, high risk of bias and inconsistent findings resulted in inconclusive evidence to substantiate a food-health claim. Clearer reporting and consensus on a minimum set of objective measures would allow for more robust recommendations regarding food-health claims. Protecting consumers from misleading health claims will require collaboration between regulators, researchers, and the food industry.

ACS Style

Merran Blair; Nicole J. Kellow; Aimee L. Dordevic; Stephanie Evans; Julia Caissutti; Tracy A. McCaffrey. Health Benefits of Whey or Colostrum Supplementation in Adults ≥35 Years; a Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 299 .

AMA Style

Merran Blair, Nicole J. Kellow, Aimee L. Dordevic, Stephanie Evans, Julia Caissutti, Tracy A. McCaffrey. Health Benefits of Whey or Colostrum Supplementation in Adults ≥35 Years; a Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (2):299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Merran Blair; Nicole J. Kellow; Aimee L. Dordevic; Stephanie Evans; Julia Caissutti; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2020. "Health Benefits of Whey or Colostrum Supplementation in Adults ≥35 Years; a Systematic Review." Nutrients 12, no. 2: 299.

Preprint content
Published: 03 December 2019
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BACKGROUND Nutrition science is currently facing issues regarding the public’s perception of its credibility, with social media (SM) influencers increasingly becoming a key source for nutrition-related information with high engagement rates. Source credibility and, to an extent, authenticity have been widely studied in marketing and communications but have not yet been considered in the context of nutrition or health communication. Thus, an investigation into the factors that impact perceived source and message credibility and authenticity is of interest to inform health communication on SM. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the factors that impact message and source credibility (which includes trustworthiness and expertise) or authenticity judgments on SM platforms to better inform nutrition science SM communication best practices. METHODS A total of 6 databases across a variety of disciplines were searched in March 2019. The inclusion criteria were experimental studies, studies focusing on microblogs, studies focusing on healthy adult populations, and studies focusing on either source credibility or authenticity. Exclusion criteria were studies involving participants aged under 18 years and clinical populations, gray literature, blogs, WeChat conversations, web-based reviews, non-English papers, and studies not involving participants’ perceptions. RESULTS Overall, 22 eligible papers were included, giving a total of 25 research studies. Among these studies, Facebook and Twitter were the most common SM platforms investigated. The most effective communication style differed depending on the SM platform. Factors reported to impact credibility included language used online, expertise heuristics, and bandwagon heuristics. No papers were found that assessed authenticity. CONCLUSIONS Credibility and authenticity are important concepts studied extensively in the marketing and communications disciplines; however, further research is required in a health context. Instagram is a less-researched platform in comparison with Facebook and Twitter.

ACS Style

Eva Louise Jenkins; Jasmina Ilicic; Amy M Barklamb; Tracy A McCaffrey. Assessing the Credibility and Authenticity of Social Media Content for Applications in Health Communication: Scoping Review (Preprint). 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Eva Louise Jenkins, Jasmina Ilicic, Amy M Barklamb, Tracy A McCaffrey. Assessing the Credibility and Authenticity of Social Media Content for Applications in Health Communication: Scoping Review (Preprint). . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Louise Jenkins; Jasmina Ilicic; Amy M Barklamb; Tracy A McCaffrey. 2019. "Assessing the Credibility and Authenticity of Social Media Content for Applications in Health Communication: Scoping Review (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 03 October 2019 in Nutrition & Dietetics
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Aim Negative body image increases the risk of engaging in unhealthy dieting and disordered eating patterns. This review evaluated the impact of habitual social media engagement or exposure to image‐related content on body image and food choices in healthy young adults (18‐30 years). Methods A systematic search of six databases of observational literature published 2005‐2019, was conducted (PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42016036588). Inclusion criteria were: studies reporting social media engagement (posting, liking, commenting) or exposure to image‐related content in healthy young adults. Outcomes were: body image (satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and food choices (healthy eating, dieting/restricting, overeating/binging). Two authors independently screened, coded and evaluated studies for methodological quality. Results Thirty studies were identified (n = 11 125 participants). Quantitative analysis (n = 26) identified social media engagement or exposure to image‐related content was associated with higher body dissatisfaction, dieting/restricting food, overeating, and choosing healthy foods. Qualitative analysis (n = 4) identified five themes: (i) social media encourages comparison between users, (ii) comparisons heighten feelings about the body, (iii) young adults modify their appearance to portray a perceived ideal image, (iv) young adults are aware of social media's impact on body image and food choices, however, (v) external validation via social media is pursued. Most studies (n = 17) controlled for some confounding variables (age, gender, BMI, ethnicity). Conclusions Social media engagement or exposure to image‐related content may negatively impact body image and food choice in some healthy young adults. Health professionals designing social media campaigns for young adults should consider image‐related content, to not heighten body dissatisfaction.

ACS Style

Kim Rounsefell; Simone Gibson; Siân McLean; Merran Blair; Annika Molenaar; Linda Brennan; Helen Truby; Tracy A. McCaffrey. Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review. Nutrition & Dietetics 2019, 77, 19 -40.

AMA Style

Kim Rounsefell, Simone Gibson, Siân McLean, Merran Blair, Annika Molenaar, Linda Brennan, Helen Truby, Tracy A. McCaffrey. Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2019; 77 (1):19-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim Rounsefell; Simone Gibson; Siân McLean; Merran Blair; Annika Molenaar; Linda Brennan; Helen Truby; Tracy A. McCaffrey. 2019. "Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review." Nutrition & Dietetics 77, no. 1: 19-40.

Preprint content
Published: 26 August 2019
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BACKGROUND Web-based health interventions may be easier to access and time efficient relative to face-to-face interventions and therefore may be the most appropriate mode to engage young adults. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the impact of 3 different levels of personalized web-based dietary feedback and support on changes in diet quality. METHODS The Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) study is a 12-month assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of 3 levels of web-based feedback on diet quality, measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). Participants (N=2570) will primarily be recruited via web-based methods and randomized to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 (control) will receive the Healthy Eating Quiz, a web-based dietary assessment tool that generates a brief feedback report on diet quality. Individuals randomized to this group can use the brief feedback report to make positive dietary changes. Group 2 will receive the Australian Eating Survey, a web-based dietary assessment tool that generates a comprehensive feedback report on diet quality as well as macro- and micronutrient intake. Group 2 will use the comprehensive feedback report to assist in making positive dietary changes. They will also have access to the Aim4Me website with resources on healthy eating and tools to set goals and self-monitor progress. Group 3 will receive the same intervention as Group 2 (ie, the comprehensive feedback report) in addition to a tailored 30-min video consultation with an accredited practicing dietitian who will use the comprehensive feedback report to assist individuals in making positive dietary changes. The self-determination theory was used as the framework for selecting appropriate website features, including goal setting and self-monitoring. The primary outcome measure is change in diet quality. The completion of questionnaires at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months will be incentivized with a monetary prize draw. RESULTS As of December 2019, 1277 participants have been randomized. CONCLUSIONS The web-based delivery of nutrition interventions has the potential to improve dietary intake of young adults. However, the level of support required to improve intake is unknown. CLINICALTRIAL Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000325202; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374420 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/15999

ACS Style

Rebecca L Haslam; Kristine Pezdirc; Helen Truby; John Attia; Melinda Hutchesson; Tracy Burrows; Robin Callister; Leanne Hides; Billie Bonevski; Deborah A Kerr; David Lubans; Sharon Kirkpatrick; Megan Rollo; Tracy McCaffrey; Clare E Collins. Investigating the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Delivered Personalized Feedback on Dietary Patterns in Young Australian Adults in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Rebecca L Haslam, Kristine Pezdirc, Helen Truby, John Attia, Melinda Hutchesson, Tracy Burrows, Robin Callister, Leanne Hides, Billie Bonevski, Deborah A Kerr, David Lubans, Sharon Kirkpatrick, Megan Rollo, Tracy McCaffrey, Clare E Collins. Investigating the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Delivered Personalized Feedback on Dietary Patterns in Young Australian Adults in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca L Haslam; Kristine Pezdirc; Helen Truby; John Attia; Melinda Hutchesson; Tracy Burrows; Robin Callister; Leanne Hides; Billie Bonevski; Deborah A Kerr; David Lubans; Sharon Kirkpatrick; Megan Rollo; Tracy McCaffrey; Clare E Collins. 2019. "Investigating the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Delivered Personalized Feedback on Dietary Patterns in Young Australian Adults in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 26 July 2018 in Nutrients
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Dietary patterns may be related to quality of life (QoL) of older adults, although evidence from literature is conflicting. The demographic shifts toward ageing populations in many countries increases the importance of understanding the relationship between diet and QoL in older adults. This review was designed to investigate associations between dietary patterns and QoL in older adults. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eight electronic databases were searched to identify articles published in English from January 1975 to March 2018 that investigated associations between dietary patterns and QoL in older adults. Relevant studies were identified based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria, data were extracted and analysed to examine the relationships and possible implications for public health recommendations. The systematic review included 15 articles (One randomized control trial, six prospective cohorts and eight cross sectional). The studies looked at correlations between different dietary patterns and/or adherence to particular dietary patterns and self-reported QoL or self-rated health status. Excluding two studies which showed no significant association, healthy dietary patterns were associated with better self-rated health and QoL in one or more domains, and adherence to healthy dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet were significantly associated with improvement in at least one of the QoL domains.

ACS Style

Thara Govindaraju; Berhe W. Sahle; Tracy A. McCaffrey; John J. McNeil; Alice J. Owen. Dietary Patterns and Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2018, 10, 971 .

AMA Style

Thara Govindaraju, Berhe W. Sahle, Tracy A. McCaffrey, John J. McNeil, Alice J. Owen. Dietary Patterns and Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (8):971.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thara Govindaraju; Berhe W. Sahle; Tracy A. McCaffrey; John J. McNeil; Alice J. Owen. 2018. "Dietary Patterns and Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 10, no. 8: 971.

Original research
Published: 15 July 2018 in Nutrition & Dietetics
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Background Obesity is a global health problem. Understanding how to utilise social media (SM) as a platform for intervention and engagement with young adults (YAs) will help the practitioners to harness this media more effectively for obesity prevention. Aim Communicating health (CH) aims to understand the use of SM by YAs, including Aboriginal YAs, and in doing so will improve the effectiveness of SM strategies to motivate, engage and retain YAs in interventions to reduce the risk of obesity, and identify and disseminate effective ways for health professionals to deliver obesity prevention interventions via SM. Methods The present study describes the theoretical framework and methodologies for the CH study, which is organised into four interrelated phases, each building on the outcomes of preceding phases. Phase 1 is a mixed methods approach to understand how YAs use SM to navigate their health issues, including healthy eating. Phase 2 utilises co‐creation workshops where YAs and public health practitioners collaboratively generate healthy eating messages and communication strategies. Phase 3 evaluates these messages in a real‐world setting. Phase 4 is the translation phase where public health practitioners use outcomes from CH to inform future strategies and to develop tools for SM for use by stakeholders and the research community. Discussion The outcomes will include a rich understanding of psychosocial drivers and behaviours associated with healthy eating and will provide insight into the use of SM to reach and influence the health and eating behaviours of YAs.

ACS Style

Catherine Lombard; Linda Brennan; Mike Reid; Karen M. Klassen; Claire Palermo; Troy Walker; Megan S.C. Lim; Moira Dean; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Helen Truby. Communicating health-Optimising young adults’ engagement with health messages using social media: Study protocol. Nutrition & Dietetics 2018, 75, 509 -519.

AMA Style

Catherine Lombard, Linda Brennan, Mike Reid, Karen M. Klassen, Claire Palermo, Troy Walker, Megan S.C. Lim, Moira Dean, Tracy A. McCaffrey, Helen Truby. Communicating health-Optimising young adults’ engagement with health messages using social media: Study protocol. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2018; 75 (5):509-519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catherine Lombard; Linda Brennan; Mike Reid; Karen M. Klassen; Claire Palermo; Troy Walker; Megan S.C. Lim; Moira Dean; Tracy A. McCaffrey; Helen Truby. 2018. "Communicating health-Optimising young adults’ engagement with health messages using social media: Study protocol." Nutrition & Dietetics 75, no. 5: 509-519.