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Technology is transforming societies worldwide. A major innovation is the emergence of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), which have the potential to revolutionize cities for both people and nature. Nonetheless, the opportunities and challenges associated with RAS for urban ecosystems have yet to be considered systematically. Here, we report the findings of an online horizon scan involving 170 expert participants from 35 countries. We conclude that RAS are likely to transform land use, transport systems and human–nature interactions. The prioritized opportunities were primarily centred on the deployment of RAS for the monitoring and management of biodiversity and ecosystems. Fewer challenges were prioritized. Those that were emphasized concerns surrounding waste from unrecovered RAS, and the quality and interpretation of RAS-collected data. Although the future impacts of RAS for urban ecosystems are difficult to predict, examining potentially important developments early is essential if we are to avoid detrimental consequences but fully realize the benefits. The future challenges and potential opportunities of robotics and autonomous systems in urban ecosystems, and how they may impact biodiversity, are explored and prioritized via a global horizon scan of 170 experts.
Mark A. Goddard; Zoe G. Davies; Solène Guenat; Mark J. Ferguson; Jessica C. Fisher; Adeniran Akanni; Teija Ahjokoski; Pippin M. L. Anderson; Fabio Angeoletto; Constantinos Antoniou; Adam J. Bates; Andrew Barkwith; Adam Berland; Christopher J. Bouch; Christine C. Rega-Brodsky; Loren B. Byrne; David Cameron; Rory Canavan; Tim Chapman; Stuart Connop; Steve Crossland; Marie C. Dade; David A. Dawson; Cynnamon Dobbs; Colleen T. Downs; Erle C. Ellis; Francisco J. Escobedo; Paul Gobster; Natalie Marie Gulsrud; Burak Guneralp; Amy K. Hahs; James D. Hale; Christopher Hassall; Marcus Hedblom; Dieter F. Hochuli; Tommi Inkinen; Ioan-Cristian Ioja; Dave Kendal; Tom Knowland; Ingo Kowarik; Simon J. Langdale; Susannah B. Lerman; Ian MacGregor-Fors; Peter Manning; Peter Massini; Stacey McLean; David D. Mkwambisi; Alessandro Ossola; Gabriel Pérez Luque; Luis Pérez-Urrestarazu; Katia Perini; Gad Perry; Tristan J. Pett; Kate E. Plummer; Raoufou A. Radji; Uri Roll; Simon G. Potts; Heather Rumble; Jon P. Sadler; Stevienna de Saille; Sebastian Sautter; Catherine E. Scott; Assaf Shwartz; Tracy Smith; Robbert P. H. Snep; Carl D. Soulsbury; Margaret C. Stanley; Tim Van de Voorde; Stephen J. Venn; Philip H. Warren; Carla-Leanne Washbourne; Mark Whitling; Nicholas S. G. Williams; Jun Yang; Kumelachew Yeshitela; Ken P. Yocom; Martin Dallimer. A global horizon scan of the future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on urban ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2021, 5, 219 -230.
AMA StyleMark A. Goddard, Zoe G. Davies, Solène Guenat, Mark J. Ferguson, Jessica C. Fisher, Adeniran Akanni, Teija Ahjokoski, Pippin M. L. Anderson, Fabio Angeoletto, Constantinos Antoniou, Adam J. Bates, Andrew Barkwith, Adam Berland, Christopher J. Bouch, Christine C. Rega-Brodsky, Loren B. Byrne, David Cameron, Rory Canavan, Tim Chapman, Stuart Connop, Steve Crossland, Marie C. Dade, David A. Dawson, Cynnamon Dobbs, Colleen T. Downs, Erle C. Ellis, Francisco J. Escobedo, Paul Gobster, Natalie Marie Gulsrud, Burak Guneralp, Amy K. Hahs, James D. Hale, Christopher Hassall, Marcus Hedblom, Dieter F. Hochuli, Tommi Inkinen, Ioan-Cristian Ioja, Dave Kendal, Tom Knowland, Ingo Kowarik, Simon J. Langdale, Susannah B. Lerman, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Peter Manning, Peter Massini, Stacey McLean, David D. Mkwambisi, Alessandro Ossola, Gabriel Pérez Luque, Luis Pérez-Urrestarazu, Katia Perini, Gad Perry, Tristan J. Pett, Kate E. Plummer, Raoufou A. Radji, Uri Roll, Simon G. Potts, Heather Rumble, Jon P. Sadler, Stevienna de Saille, Sebastian Sautter, Catherine E. Scott, Assaf Shwartz, Tracy Smith, Robbert P. H. Snep, Carl D. Soulsbury, Margaret C. Stanley, Tim Van de Voorde, Stephen J. Venn, Philip H. Warren, Carla-Leanne Washbourne, Mark Whitling, Nicholas S. G. Williams, Jun Yang, Kumelachew Yeshitela, Ken P. Yocom, Martin Dallimer. A global horizon scan of the future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on urban ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2021; 5 (2):219-230.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark A. Goddard; Zoe G. Davies; Solène Guenat; Mark J. Ferguson; Jessica C. Fisher; Adeniran Akanni; Teija Ahjokoski; Pippin M. L. Anderson; Fabio Angeoletto; Constantinos Antoniou; Adam J. Bates; Andrew Barkwith; Adam Berland; Christopher J. Bouch; Christine C. Rega-Brodsky; Loren B. Byrne; David Cameron; Rory Canavan; Tim Chapman; Stuart Connop; Steve Crossland; Marie C. Dade; David A. Dawson; Cynnamon Dobbs; Colleen T. Downs; Erle C. Ellis; Francisco J. Escobedo; Paul Gobster; Natalie Marie Gulsrud; Burak Guneralp; Amy K. Hahs; James D. Hale; Christopher Hassall; Marcus Hedblom; Dieter F. Hochuli; Tommi Inkinen; Ioan-Cristian Ioja; Dave Kendal; Tom Knowland; Ingo Kowarik; Simon J. Langdale; Susannah B. Lerman; Ian MacGregor-Fors; Peter Manning; Peter Massini; Stacey McLean; David D. Mkwambisi; Alessandro Ossola; Gabriel Pérez Luque; Luis Pérez-Urrestarazu; Katia Perini; Gad Perry; Tristan J. Pett; Kate E. Plummer; Raoufou A. Radji; Uri Roll; Simon G. Potts; Heather Rumble; Jon P. Sadler; Stevienna de Saille; Sebastian Sautter; Catherine E. Scott; Assaf Shwartz; Tracy Smith; Robbert P. H. Snep; Carl D. Soulsbury; Margaret C. Stanley; Tim Van de Voorde; Stephen J. Venn; Philip H. Warren; Carla-Leanne Washbourne; Mark Whitling; Nicholas S. G. Williams; Jun Yang; Kumelachew Yeshitela; Ken P. Yocom; Martin Dallimer. 2021. "A global horizon scan of the future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on urban ecosystems." Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 2: 219-230.
This article examines density and deprivation, the two important parameters that define health and well-being in cities. Discussions are drawn from a case study conducted in Birmingham in four neighborhoods characterized by their different population density and deprivation levels. Data were collected through questionnaires developed from a set of subjective well-being measures and built environment audits, based on the Irvine Minnesota Inventory that evaluates the quality of streets and walkability in neighborhoods. The inferences from the study support the need for linking health, planning, policy and design research and decision-making to the socio-spatial practices of people, impacting well-being at the everyday level. The findings provide a holistic approach health and well-being research and suggests a conceptual framework for inclusive well-being in cities, which signifies the role of social and spatial parameters in determining peoples’ health and well-being. The study also highlights the lack of interdisciplinary research in understanding the association between well-being and social and behavioral practices in diverse communities.
Lakshmi Rajendran; Christopher Boyko; Claire Coulton; James Hale; Rachel Cooper. A Socio-Spatial Approach to Enable Inclusive Well-Being in Cities: A Case Study of Birmingham, UK. Social Sciences 2020, 9, 109 .
AMA StyleLakshmi Rajendran, Christopher Boyko, Claire Coulton, James Hale, Rachel Cooper. A Socio-Spatial Approach to Enable Inclusive Well-Being in Cities: A Case Study of Birmingham, UK. Social Sciences. 2020; 9 (6):109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLakshmi Rajendran; Christopher Boyko; Claire Coulton; James Hale; Rachel Cooper. 2020. "A Socio-Spatial Approach to Enable Inclusive Well-Being in Cities: A Case Study of Birmingham, UK." Social Sciences 9, no. 6: 109.
BackgroundA step change in the night environment is taking place, with the large-scale installation of bright, broad-spectrum road lighting such as white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). One justification for this is a reduction in road traffic collisions (RTCs). This study aimed to estimate the effect of new lighting on personal injury RTCs within a large UK city.MethodsWe analysed a 9-year time series of weekly RTC personal injury counts in 132 areas of the city using multilevel modelling. The RTC rate over a full 24-hour period was the primary outcome; darkness and daylight RTC rates were secondary. The background change in RTC rate was separated from the change associated with the number of newly installed bright lamps by including a polynomial underlying time trend for the logarithm of the mean number of collisions per week for each area. The study was based on a rigorous, predesigned and archived protocol.ResultsWithin-area coefficients for the broad lighting effect were positive; as the number of bright lamps in an area increased, so did the RTC rate. The estimate for the increase in the within-area 24-hour RTC rate is 11% (95% CI 2% to 20%). The estimate of darkness-only RTCs is 16% (95% CI 2% to 32%). If the effect of lighting on darkness RTC rate is adjusted by that for daylight, one obtains 4% (95% CI −12% to +23%).ConclusionNo evidence was found for bright lamps leading to an improvement in road safety in any of the analyses. For this city, introducing brighter road lighting may have compromised safety rather than reducing harm.
Paul Marchant; James David Hale; Jon Paul Sadler. Does changing to brighter road lighting improve road safety? Multilevel longitudinal analysis of road traffic collision frequency during the relighting of a UK city. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2020, 74, 467 -472.
AMA StylePaul Marchant, James David Hale, Jon Paul Sadler. Does changing to brighter road lighting improve road safety? Multilevel longitudinal analysis of road traffic collision frequency during the relighting of a UK city. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2020; 74 (5):467-472.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Marchant; James David Hale; Jon Paul Sadler. 2020. "Does changing to brighter road lighting improve road safety? Multilevel longitudinal analysis of road traffic collision frequency during the relighting of a UK city." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 5: 467-472.
James Hale; Raphael Arlettaz. Addressing ecological light pollution at a national scale. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleJames Hale, Raphael Arlettaz. Addressing ecological light pollution at a national scale. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Hale; Raphael Arlettaz. 2018. "Addressing ecological light pollution at a national scale." Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
Ane Kirstine Brunbjerg; James Hale; Adam Bates; Robert E. Fowler; Emma J. Rosenfeld; Jonathan P. Sadler. Can patterns of urban biodiversity be predicted using simple measures of green infrastructure? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 32, 143 -153.
AMA StyleAne Kirstine Brunbjerg, James Hale, Adam Bates, Robert E. Fowler, Emma J. Rosenfeld, Jonathan P. Sadler. Can patterns of urban biodiversity be predicted using simple measures of green infrastructure? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 32 ():143-153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAne Kirstine Brunbjerg; James Hale; Adam Bates; Robert E. Fowler; Emma J. Rosenfeld; Jonathan P. Sadler. 2018. "Can patterns of urban biodiversity be predicted using simple measures of green infrastructure?" Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 32, no. : 143-153.
This data article presents the UK City LIFE1 data set for the city of Birmingham, UK. UK City LIFE1 is a new, comprehensive and holistic method for measuring the livable sustainability performance of UK cities. The Birmingham data set comprises 346 indicators structured simultaneously (1) within a four-tier, outcome-based framework in order to aid in their interpretation (e.g., promote healthy living and healthy long lives, minimize energy use, uncouple economic vitality from CO2 emissions) and (2) thematically in order to complement government and disciplinary siloes (e.g., health, energy, economy, climate change). Birmingham data for the indicators are presented within an Excel spreadsheet with their type, units, geographic area, year, source, link to secondary data files, data collection method, data availability and any relevant calculations and notes. This paper provides a detailed description of UK city LIFE1 in order to enable comparable data sets to be produced for other UK cities. The Birmingham data set is made publically available at http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/3040/ to facilitate this and to enable further analyses. The UK City LIFE1 Birmingham data set has been used to understand what is known and what is not known about the livable sustainability performance of the city and to inform how Birmingham City Council can take action now to improve its understanding and its performance into the future (see “Improving city-scale measures of livable sustainability: A study of urban measurement and assessment through application to the city of Birmingham, UK” Leach et al. [2]).
Joanne M. Leach; Susan E. Lee; Christopher T. Boyko; Claire J. Coulton; Rachel Cooper; Nicholas Smith; Hélène Joffe; Milena Büchs; James D. Hale; Jonathan P. Sadler; Peter A. Braithwaite; Luke S. Blunden; Valeria De Laurentiis; Dexter V.L. Hunt; AbuBakr S. Bahaj; Katie Barnes; Christopher J. Bouch; Leonidas Bourikas; Marianna Cavada; Andrew Chilvers; Stephen J. Clune; Brian Collins; Ellie Cosgrave; Nick Dunn; Jane Falkingham; Patrick James; Corina Kwami; Martin Locret-Collet; Francesca Medda; Adriana Ortegon; Serena Pollastri; Cosmin Popan; Katerina Psarikidou; Nick Tyler; John Urry; Yue Wu; Victoria Zeeb; Chris D.F. Rogers. Dataset of the livability performance of the city of Birmingham, UK, as measured by its citizen wellbeing, resource security, resource efficiency and carbon emissions. Data in Brief 2017, 15, 691 -695.
AMA StyleJoanne M. Leach, Susan E. Lee, Christopher T. Boyko, Claire J. Coulton, Rachel Cooper, Nicholas Smith, Hélène Joffe, Milena Büchs, James D. Hale, Jonathan P. Sadler, Peter A. Braithwaite, Luke S. Blunden, Valeria De Laurentiis, Dexter V.L. Hunt, AbuBakr S. Bahaj, Katie Barnes, Christopher J. Bouch, Leonidas Bourikas, Marianna Cavada, Andrew Chilvers, Stephen J. Clune, Brian Collins, Ellie Cosgrave, Nick Dunn, Jane Falkingham, Patrick James, Corina Kwami, Martin Locret-Collet, Francesca Medda, Adriana Ortegon, Serena Pollastri, Cosmin Popan, Katerina Psarikidou, Nick Tyler, John Urry, Yue Wu, Victoria Zeeb, Chris D.F. Rogers. Dataset of the livability performance of the city of Birmingham, UK, as measured by its citizen wellbeing, resource security, resource efficiency and carbon emissions. Data in Brief. 2017; 15 ():691-695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoanne M. Leach; Susan E. Lee; Christopher T. Boyko; Claire J. Coulton; Rachel Cooper; Nicholas Smith; Hélène Joffe; Milena Büchs; James D. Hale; Jonathan P. Sadler; Peter A. Braithwaite; Luke S. Blunden; Valeria De Laurentiis; Dexter V.L. Hunt; AbuBakr S. Bahaj; Katie Barnes; Christopher J. Bouch; Leonidas Bourikas; Marianna Cavada; Andrew Chilvers; Stephen J. Clune; Brian Collins; Ellie Cosgrave; Nick Dunn; Jane Falkingham; Patrick James; Corina Kwami; Martin Locret-Collet; Francesca Medda; Adriana Ortegon; Serena Pollastri; Cosmin Popan; Katerina Psarikidou; Nick Tyler; John Urry; Yue Wu; Victoria Zeeb; Chris D.F. Rogers. 2017. "Dataset of the livability performance of the city of Birmingham, UK, as measured by its citizen wellbeing, resource security, resource efficiency and carbon emissions." Data in Brief 15, no. : 691-695.
Recently, much of the literature on sharing in cities has focused on the sharing economy, in which people use online platforms to share underutilized assets in the marketplace. This view of sharing is too narrow for cities, as it neglects the myriad of ways, reasons, and scales in which citizens share in urban environments. Research presented here by the Liveable Cities team in the form of participant workshops in Lancaster and Birmingham, UK, suggests that a broader approach to understanding sharing in cities is essential. The research also highlighted tools and methods that may be used to help to identify sharing in communities. The paper ends with advice to city stakeholders, such as policymakers, urban planners, and urban designers, who are considering how to enhance sustainability in cities through sharing.
Christopher T. Boyko; Stephen J. Clune; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Claire J. Coulton; Nick S. Dunn; Serena Pollastri; Joanne M. Leach; Christopher J. Bouch; Mariana Cavada; Valeria De Laurentiis; Mike Goodfellow-Smith; James D. Hale; Dan K. G. Hunt; Susan E. Lee; Martin Locret-Collet; Jon P. Sadler; Jonathan Ward; Christopher D. F. Rogers; Cosmin Popan; Katerina Psarikidou; John Urry; Luke S. Blunden; Leonidas Bourikas; Milena Büchs; Jane Falkingham; Mikey Harper; Patrick A. B. James; Mamusu Kamanda; Tatiana Sanches; Philip Turner; Phil Y. Wu; AbuBakr S. Bahaj; Adriana Ortegon; Katie Barnes; Ellie Cosgrave; Paul Honeybone; Helene Joffe; Corina Kwami; Victoria Zeeb; Brian Collins; Nick Tyler. How Sharing Can Contribute to More Sustainable Cities. Sustainability 2017, 9, 701 .
AMA StyleChristopher T. Boyko, Stephen J. Clune, Rachel F. D. Cooper, Claire J. Coulton, Nick S. Dunn, Serena Pollastri, Joanne M. Leach, Christopher J. Bouch, Mariana Cavada, Valeria De Laurentiis, Mike Goodfellow-Smith, James D. Hale, Dan K. G. Hunt, Susan E. Lee, Martin Locret-Collet, Jon P. Sadler, Jonathan Ward, Christopher D. F. Rogers, Cosmin Popan, Katerina Psarikidou, John Urry, Luke S. Blunden, Leonidas Bourikas, Milena Büchs, Jane Falkingham, Mikey Harper, Patrick A. B. James, Mamusu Kamanda, Tatiana Sanches, Philip Turner, Phil Y. Wu, AbuBakr S. Bahaj, Adriana Ortegon, Katie Barnes, Ellie Cosgrave, Paul Honeybone, Helene Joffe, Corina Kwami, Victoria Zeeb, Brian Collins, Nick Tyler. How Sharing Can Contribute to More Sustainable Cities. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):701.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher T. Boyko; Stephen J. Clune; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Claire J. Coulton; Nick S. Dunn; Serena Pollastri; Joanne M. Leach; Christopher J. Bouch; Mariana Cavada; Valeria De Laurentiis; Mike Goodfellow-Smith; James D. Hale; Dan K. G. Hunt; Susan E. Lee; Martin Locret-Collet; Jon P. Sadler; Jonathan Ward; Christopher D. F. Rogers; Cosmin Popan; Katerina Psarikidou; John Urry; Luke S. Blunden; Leonidas Bourikas; Milena Büchs; Jane Falkingham; Mikey Harper; Patrick A. B. James; Mamusu Kamanda; Tatiana Sanches; Philip Turner; Phil Y. Wu; AbuBakr S. Bahaj; Adriana Ortegon; Katie Barnes; Ellie Cosgrave; Paul Honeybone; Helene Joffe; Corina Kwami; Victoria Zeeb; Brian Collins; Nick Tyler. 2017. "How Sharing Can Contribute to More Sustainable Cities." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 701.
Night time illumination of cities is undergoing radical change through the adoption of new street lighting technologies, but the impacts of these large-scale changes on biodiversity have not been explored. Moths are of particular concern because of their nocturnal ‘flight-to-light’ responses. Here we examine in situ effects of (1) street lamp replacement and (2) the spatial distribution of local street lighting on garden moth communities in Birmingham, UK, to determine whether current shifts in street lighting infrastructure are leading to an increased attraction of moths into suburban areas. Using a unique before-after-control-impact survey, we show that switching from narrow (low-pressure sodium) to broad spectrum (high-pressure sodium) lamps significantly increases the diversity of macro-moths in suburban gardens. Furthermore, we demonstrate the complex ways in which the moth community differentially responds to variation in street lighting characteristics. In particular we found that macro-moth attraction was greatest at high lamp densities, whilst micro-moth families responded more strongly to street lamp proximity and the density of UV-emitting lamps specifically. Our findings indicate that moths are attracted to suburban gardens with closer, more dense and more spectrally diverse local street lighting, and suggest that suburban areas could represent ecological traps for moth communities if they have insufficient resources to support moth survival and reproduction. Further research is now needed to determine whether street lighting is progressively damaging moth communities, and to understand whether these impacts could be mitigated through changes to street lighting regimes or through the provision of ecologically important habitats in urban landscapes.
Kate E. Plummer; James Hale; Matthew J. O’Callaghan; Jon P. Sadler; Gavin M. Siriwardena. Investigating the impact of street lighting changes on garden moth communities. Journal of Urban Ecology 2016, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleKate E. Plummer, James Hale, Matthew J. O’Callaghan, Jon P. Sadler, Gavin M. Siriwardena. Investigating the impact of street lighting changes on garden moth communities. Journal of Urban Ecology. 2016; 2 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKate E. Plummer; James Hale; Matthew J. O’Callaghan; Jon P. Sadler; Gavin M. Siriwardena. 2016. "Investigating the impact of street lighting changes on garden moth communities." Journal of Urban Ecology 2, no. 1: 1.
Tree planting is widely advocated and applied in urban areas, with large-scale projects underway in cities globally. Numerous potential benefits are used to justify these planting campaigns. However, reports of poor tree survival raise questions about the ability of such projects to deliver on their promises over the long-term. Each potential benefit requires different supporting conditions—relating not only to the type and placement of the tree, but also to the broader urban system within which it is embedded. This set of supporting conditions may not always be mutually compatible and may not persist for the lifetime of the tree. Here, we demonstrate a systems-based approach that makes these dependencies, synergies, and tensions more explicit, allowing them to be used to test the decadal-scale resilience of urban street trees. Our analysis highlights social, environmental, and economic assumptions that are implicit within planting projects; notably that high levels of maintenance and public support for urban street trees will persist throughout their natural lifespan, and that the surrounding built form will remain largely unchanged. Whilst the vulnerability of each benefit may be highly context specific, we identify approaches that address some typical weaknesses, making a functional, resilient, urban forest more attainable.
James D. Hale; Thomas A. M. Pugh; Jon P. Sadler; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Raziyeh Farmani; Chantal Hales; Russell Horsey; Dexter V. L. Hunt; Joanne M. Leach; Christopher D. F. Rogers; A. Rob MacKenzie. Delivering a Multi-Functional and Resilient Urban Forest. Sustainability 2015, 7, 4600 -4624.
AMA StyleJames D. Hale, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Jon P. Sadler, Christopher T. Boyko, Julie Brown, Silvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Raziyeh Farmani, Chantal Hales, Russell Horsey, Dexter V. L. Hunt, Joanne M. Leach, Christopher D. F. Rogers, A. Rob MacKenzie. Delivering a Multi-Functional and Resilient Urban Forest. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (4):4600-4624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames D. Hale; Thomas A. M. Pugh; Jon P. Sadler; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Raziyeh Farmani; Chantal Hales; Russell Horsey; Dexter V. L. Hunt; Joanne M. Leach; Christopher D. F. Rogers; A. Rob MacKenzie. 2015. "Delivering a Multi-Functional and Resilient Urban Forest." Sustainability 7, no. 4: 4600-4624.
As the global population urbanizes, dramatic changes are expected in city lighting and the urban form, which may threaten the functioning of urban ecosystems and the services they deliver. However, little is known about the ecological impact of lighting in different urban contexts. Movement is an important ecological process that can be disrupted by artificial lighting. We explored the impact of lighting on gap crossing for Pipistrellus pipistrellus, a species of bat (Chiroptera) common within UK cities. We aimed to determine whether the probability of crossing gaps in tree cover varied with crossing distance and lighting level, through stratified field surveys. We then used the resulting data on barrier thresholds to model the landscape resistance due to lighting across an entire city and explored the potential impact of scenarios for future changes to street lighting. The level of illumination required to create a barrier effect reduced as crossing distance increased. For those gaps where crossing was recorded, bats selected the darker parts of gaps. Heavily built parts of the case study city were associated with large and brightly lit gaps, and spatial models indicate movement would be highly restricted in these areas. Under a scenario for brighter street lighting, the area of accessible land cover was further reduced in heavily built parts of the city. We believe that this is the first study to demonstrate how lighting may create resistance to species movement throughout an entire city. That connectivity in urban areas is being disrupted for a relatively common species raises questions about the impacts on less tolerant groups and the resilience of bat communities in urban centres. However, this mechanistic approach raises the possibility that some ecological function could be restored in these areas through the strategic dimming of lighting and narrowing of gaps.
James D. Hale; Alison Fairbrass; Thomas Matthews; Gemma Davies; Jon P. Sadler. The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios: exploring gap crossing thresholds for urban bats. Global Change Biology 2015, 21, 2467 -2478.
AMA StyleJames D. Hale, Alison Fairbrass, Thomas Matthews, Gemma Davies, Jon P. Sadler. The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios: exploring gap crossing thresholds for urban bats. Global Change Biology. 2015; 21 (7):2467-2478.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames D. Hale; Alison Fairbrass; Thomas Matthews; Gemma Davies; Jon P. Sadler. 2015. "The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios: exploring gap crossing thresholds for urban bats." Global Change Biology 21, no. 7: 2467-2478.
Scott LaPoint; Niko Balkenhol; James Hale; Jonathan Sadler; Rodney Van Der Ree. Ecological connectivity research in urban areas. Functional Ecology 2015, 29, 868 -878.
AMA StyleScott LaPoint, Niko Balkenhol, James Hale, Jonathan Sadler, Rodney Van Der Ree. Ecological connectivity research in urban areas. Functional Ecology. 2015; 29 (7):868-878.
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott LaPoint; Niko Balkenhol; James Hale; Jonathan Sadler; Rodney Van Der Ree. 2015. "Ecological connectivity research in urban areas." Functional Ecology 29, no. 7: 868-878.
Artificial lighting is strongly associated with urbanisation and is increasing in its extent, brightness and spectral range. Changes in urban lighting have both positive and negative effects on city performance, yet little is known about how its character and magnitude vary across the urban landscape. A major barrier to related research, planning and governance has been the lack of lighting data at the city extent, particularly at a fine spatial resolution. Our aims were therefore to capture such data using aerial night photography and to undertake a case study of urban lighting. We present the finest scale multi-spectral lighting dataset available for an entire city and explore how lighting metrics vary with built density and land-use. We found positive relationships between artificial lighting indicators and built density at coarse spatial scales, whilst at a local level lighting varied with land-use. Manufacturing and housing are the primary land-use zones responsible for the city’s brightly lit areas, yet manufacturing sites are relatively rare within the city. Our data suggests that efforts to address light pollution should broaden their focus from residential street lighting to include security lighting within manufacturing areas.
James D. Hale; Gemma Davies; Alison Fairbrass; Thomas Matthews; Christopher Rogers; Jonathan Sadler. Mapping Lightscapes: Spatial Patterning of Artificial Lighting in an Urban Landscape. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61460 .
AMA StyleJames D. Hale, Gemma Davies, Alison Fairbrass, Thomas Matthews, Christopher Rogers, Jonathan Sadler. Mapping Lightscapes: Spatial Patterning of Artificial Lighting in an Urban Landscape. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (5):e61460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames D. Hale; Gemma Davies; Alison Fairbrass; Thomas Matthews; Christopher Rogers; Jonathan Sadler. 2013. "Mapping Lightscapes: Spatial Patterning of Artificial Lighting in an Urban Landscape." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5: e61460.
IntroductionA plethora of papers exist that trumpet the value of urban green spaces as providers of benefits to both people and wildlife (James et al. 2009). This body of work emphasises five means by which such spaces improve the urban environment: (i) shaping the character of the city and its neighbourhoods (Pauleit 2003); (ii) engendering a sense of place for city inhabitants (Frumkin 2003); (iii) providing a range of physical (Maas et al. 2006) and psychological (Hartig 2008) health benefits to people; (iv) supporting rich assemblages of wildlife, including many rare and endangered species (Gibson 1998; Mortberg & Wallentinus 2000); and (v) possessing important environmental functions that scale to provide a wide range of ecosystem services (Bolund & Hunhammar 1999; Elmqvist et al. 2004).It is estimated that the number of urban areas with over a million people will grow by over 40% by 2015 (Crane & Kinzig 2005). To accommodate this rapidly increasing population and to reduce the deleterious impact of global sprawling cities (European Environment Agency 2006; Irwin & Bockstael 2007), in many countries regulatory bodies have created a range of policies on urban living, housing provision and city development that appear to be in conflict. On the one hand, policies exist espousing the utilisation of as much open space in cities as possible to meet construction targets for new-build housing (e.g. ODPM 2002a), while on the other hand different policy documents highlight the provision of green space for people and wildlife to enhance quality of life (e.g. EEA 2009).
Jon Sadler; Adam Bates; James Hale; Philip James. Bringing cities alive: the importance of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity. Urban Ecology 2013, 230 -260.
AMA StyleJon Sadler, Adam Bates, James Hale, Philip James. Bringing cities alive: the importance of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity. Urban Ecology. 2013; ():230-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJon Sadler; Adam Bates; James Hale; Philip James. 2013. "Bringing cities alive: the importance of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity." Urban Ecology , no. : 230-260.
Future scenarios provide challenging, plausible and relevant stories about how the future could unfold. Urban Futures (UF) research has identified a substantial set (>450) of seemingly disparate scenarios published over the period 1997–2011 and within this research, a sub-set of >160 scenarios has been identified (and categorized) based on their narratives according to the structure first proposed by the Global Scenario Group (GSG) in 1997; three world types (Business as Usual, Barbarization, and Great Transitions) and six scenarios, two for each world type (Policy Reform—PR, Market Forces—MF, Breakdown—B, Fortress World—FW, Eco-Communalism—EC and New Sustainability Paradigm—NSP). It is suggested that four of these scenario archetypes (MF, PR, NSP and FW) are sufficiently distinct to facilitate active stakeholder engagement in futures thinking. Moreover they are accompanied by a well-established, internally consistent set of narratives that provide a deeper understanding of the key fundamental drivers (e.g., STEEP—Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political) that could bring about realistic world changes through a push or a pull effect. This is testament to the original concept of the GSG scenarios and their development and refinement over a 16 year period.
Dexter V. L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin R. G. Barber; Matthew Barnes; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Raziyeh Farmani; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hales; C. Nicholas Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; I. Jefferson; J. Leach; A. Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Ali Memon; Jon P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes. Sustainability 2012, 4, 740 -772.
AMA StyleDexter V. L. Hunt, D. Rachel Lombardi, Stuart Atkinson, Austin R. G. Barber, Matthew Barnes, Christopher T. Boyko, Julie Brown, John Bryson, David Butler, Silvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Rachel F. D. Cooper, Raziyeh Farmani, Mark Gaterell, James Hale, Chantal Hales, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Lubo Jankovic, I. Jefferson, J. Leach, A. Rob MacKenzie, Fayyaz Ali Memon, Jon P. Sadler, Carina Weingaertner, J. Duncan Whyatt, Christopher D. F. Rogers. Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes. Sustainability. 2012; 4 (4):740-772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter V. L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin R. G. Barber; Matthew Barnes; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Raziyeh Farmani; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hales; C. Nicholas Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; I. Jefferson; J. Leach; A. Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Ali Memon; Jon P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. 2012. "Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes." Sustainability 4, no. 4: 740-772.
Urbanization is characterized by high levels of sealed land-cover, and small, geometrically complex, fragmented land-use patches. The extent and density of urbanized land-use is increasing, with implications for habitat quality, connectivity and city ecology. Little is known about densification thresholds for urban ecosystem function, and the response of mammals, nocturnal and cryptic taxa are poorly studied in this respect. Bats (Chiroptera) are sensitive to changing urban form at a species, guild and community level, so are ideal model organisms for analyses of this nature. We surveyed bats around urban ponds in the West Midlands conurbation, United Kingdom (UK). Sites were stratified between five urban land classes, representing a gradient of built land-cover at the 1 km2 scale. Models for bat presence and activity were developed using land-cover and land-use data from multiple radii around each pond. Structural connectivity of tree networks was used as an indicator of the functional connectivity between habitats. All species were sensitive to measures of urban density. Some were also sensitive to landscape composition and structural connectivity at different spatial scales. These results represent new findings for an urban area. The activity of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber 1774) exhibited a non-linear relationship with the area of built land-cover, being much reduced beyond the threshold of ∼60% built surface. The presence of tree networks appears to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization for this species. Our results suggest that increasing urban density negatively impacts the study species. This has implications for infill development policy, built density targets and the compact city debate. Bats were also sensitive to the composition and structure of the urban form at a range of spatial scales, with implications for land-use planning and management. Protecting and establishing tree networks may improve the resilience of some bat populations to urban densification.
James D. Hale; Alison J. Fairbrass; Tom J. Matthews; Jon P. Sadler. Habitat Composition and Connectivity Predicts Bat Presence and Activity at Foraging Sites in a Large UK Conurbation. PLOS ONE 2012, 7, e33300 .
AMA StyleJames D. Hale, Alison J. Fairbrass, Tom J. Matthews, Jon P. Sadler. Habitat Composition and Connectivity Predicts Bat Presence and Activity at Foraging Sites in a Large UK Conurbation. PLOS ONE. 2012; 7 (3):e33300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames D. Hale; Alison J. Fairbrass; Tom J. Matthews; Jon P. Sadler. 2012. "Habitat Composition and Connectivity Predicts Bat Presence and Activity at Foraging Sites in a Large UK Conurbation." PLOS ONE 7, no. 3: e33300.
There is a need for biological conservation at the global scale, and urban conservation has the potential to support the delivery of this wider goal. Despite historic trends, efforts are underway to protect and enhance the quality, quantity and accessibility of green infrastructure within cities, including biodiversity features within new developments. However, there are questions over their long-term persistence and function. This paper applies an urban futures resilience analysis to a case study site to illustrate how such concerns may be explored and addressed in practice. The analysis identifies vulnerable sustainability solutions and clarifies the aspects that may be improved. The results suggest that the resilience of these solutions is questionable, even though resilience has clearly been considered. In particular, future compliance with, and enforcement of, planning conditions is questionable. The resilience of these ecological solutions may be improved by including some redundancy, designing for low maintenance, incorporating microclimate buffers and locating features in areas unlikely to be subject to future disturbance. The establishment of endowment funds or other dedicated funding mechanisms should also be explored. The paper also recommends that a futures-based resilience analysis be included within the development planning process. There is a need for biological conservation at the global scale, and urban conservation has the potential to support the delivery of this wider goal. Despite historic trends, efforts are underway to protect and enhance the quality, quantity and accessibility of green infrastructure within cities, including biodiversity features within new developments. However, there are questions over their long-term persistence and function. This paper applies an urban futures resilience analysis to a case study site to illustrate how such concerns may be explored and addressed in practice. The analysis identifies vulnerable sustainability solutions and clarifies the aspects that may be improved. The results suggest that the resilience of these solutions is questionable, even though resilience has clearly been considered. In particular, future compliance with, and enforcement of, planning conditions is questionable. The resilience of these ecological solutions may be improved by including some redundancy, designing for low maintenance, incorporating microclimate buffers and locating features in areas unlikely to be subject to future disturbance. The establishment of endowment funds or other dedicated funding mechanisms should also be explored. The paper also recommends that a futures-based resilience analysis be included within the development planning process.
James David Hale; Jon Sadler. Resilient ecological solutions for urban regeneration. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 2012, 165, 59 -68.
AMA StyleJames David Hale, Jon Sadler. Resilient ecological solutions for urban regeneration. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability. 2012; 165 (1):59-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames David Hale; Jon Sadler. 2012. "Resilient ecological solutions for urban regeneration." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 165, no. 1: 59-68.
Scenarios are a useful tool to help think about and visualise the future and, as such, are utilised by many policymakers and practitioners. Future scenarios have not been used to explore the urban context in much depth, yet have the potential to provide valuable insights into the robustness of decisions being made today in the name of sustainability. As part of a major research project entitled Urban Futures, a toolkit has been developed in the UK to facilitate the use of scenarios in any urban context and at any scale relevant to that context. The toolkit comprises two key components, namely, (i) a series of indicators comprising both generic and topic area-specific indicators (e.g., air quality, biodiversity, density, water) that measure sustainability performance and (ii) a list of characteristics (i.e., 1–2-sentence statements about a feature, issue or small set of issues) that describe four future scenarios. In combination, these two components enable us to measure the performance of any given sustainability indicator, and establish the relative sensitivity or vulnerability of that indicator to the different future scenarios. An important aspect of the methodology underpinning the toolkit is that it is flexible enough to incorporate new scenarios, characteristics and indicators, thereby allowing the long-term performance of our urban environments to be considered in the broadest possible sense.
Christopher T. Boyko; Mark Gaterell; Austin R.G. Barber; Julie Brown; John R. Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel Cooper; Gemma Davies; Raziyeh Farmani; James Hale; A. Chantal Hales; Charles Nicholas Hewitt; Dexter V.L. Hunt; Lubo Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Joanne M. Leach; D. Rachel Lombardi; A. Robert MacKenzie; Fayyaz A. Memon; Thomas A.M. Pugh; John P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher Rogers. Benchmarking sustainability in cities: The role of indicators and future scenarios. Global Environmental Change 2011, 22, 245 -254.
AMA StyleChristopher T. Boyko, Mark Gaterell, Austin R.G. Barber, Julie Brown, John R. Bryson, David Butler, Silvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Rachel Cooper, Gemma Davies, Raziyeh Farmani, James Hale, A. Chantal Hales, Charles Nicholas Hewitt, Dexter V.L. Hunt, Lubo Jankovic, Ian Jefferson, Joanne M. Leach, D. Rachel Lombardi, A. Robert MacKenzie, Fayyaz A. Memon, Thomas A.M. Pugh, John P. Sadler, Carina Weingaertner, J. Duncan Whyatt, Christopher Rogers. Benchmarking sustainability in cities: The role of indicators and future scenarios. Global Environmental Change. 2011; 22 (1):245-254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher T. Boyko; Mark Gaterell; Austin R.G. Barber; Julie Brown; John R. Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel Cooper; Gemma Davies; Raziyeh Farmani; James Hale; A. Chantal Hales; Charles Nicholas Hewitt; Dexter V.L. Hunt; Lubo Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Joanne M. Leach; D. Rachel Lombardi; A. Robert MacKenzie; Fayyaz A. Memon; Thomas A.M. Pugh; John P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher Rogers. 2011. "Benchmarking sustainability in cities: The role of indicators and future scenarios." Global Environmental Change 22, no. 1: 245-254.
The potential for reduced pollination ecosystem service due to global declines of bees and other pollinators is cause for considerable concern. Habitat degradation, destruction and fragmentation due to agricultural intensification have historically been the main causes of this pollinator decline. However, despite increasing and accelerating levels of global urbanization, very little research has investigated the effects of urbanization on pollinator assemblages. We assessed changes in the diversity, abundance and species composition of bee and hoverfly pollinator assemblages in urban, suburban, and rural sites across a UK city. Bees and hoverflies were trapped and netted at 24 sites of similar habitat character (churchyards and cemeteries) that varied in position along a gradient of urbanization. Local habitat quality (altitude, shelter from wind, diversity and abundance of flowers), and the broader-scale degree of urbanization (e.g. percentage of built landscape and gardens within 100 m, 250 m, 500 m, 1 km, and 2.5 km of the site) were assessed for each study site. The diversity and abundance of pollinators were both significantly negatively associated with higher levels of urbanization. Assemblage composition changed along the urbanization gradient with some species positively associated with urban and suburban land-use, but more species negatively so. Pollinator assemblages were positively affected by good site habitat quality, in particular the availability of flowering plants. Our results show that urban areas can support diverse pollinator assemblages, but that this capacity is strongly affected by local habitat quality. Nonetheless, in both urban and suburban areas of the city the assemblages had fewer individuals and lower diversity than similar rural habitats. The unique development histories of different urban areas, and the difficulty of assessing mobile pollinator assemblages in just part of their range, mean that complementary studies in different cities and urban habitats are required to discover if these findings are more widely applicable.
Adam J. Bates; Jonathan Sadler; Alison Fairbrass; Steven J. Falk; James Hale; Thomas Matthews. Changing Bee and Hoverfly Pollinator Assemblages along an Urban-Rural Gradient. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e23459 .
AMA StyleAdam J. Bates, Jonathan Sadler, Alison Fairbrass, Steven J. Falk, James Hale, Thomas Matthews. Changing Bee and Hoverfly Pollinator Assemblages along an Urban-Rural Gradient. PLoS ONE. 2011; 6 (8):e23459.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam J. Bates; Jonathan Sadler; Alison Fairbrass; Steven J. Falk; James Hale; Thomas Matthews. 2011. "Changing Bee and Hoverfly Pollinator Assemblages along an Urban-Rural Gradient." PLoS ONE 6, no. 8: e23459.
The development process at the site or building scale is a multiobjective process requiring the cooperation of many professions and other stakeholders. The addition of multiple sustainability objectives, often seemingly unrelated (economic versus environmental versus social) in a rapidly changing global urban context, further constrains and complicates the process. The MODESTT mapping approach was developed to elucidate the interdependencies, tensions, and trade-offs between different sustainability objectives for a given development, and to make explicit the points at which a single design decision may ‘lock-in’ or ‘lock-out’ various possible outcomes. In this article, we review and analyse existing models of the development process, illustrate the decisions and activities inherent in delivering a single element of a development (illustrated in this paper with the example of a roof); then apply the MODESTT analysis to three sustainability objectives. The analysis makes explicit the critical importance of sequencing of actions and decisions, and interdependencies between specific objectives that lead to tensions and trade-offs between the multiple sustainability objectives. We conclude by making recommendations for the generic application of the MODESTT approach to improve sustainability throughout the site development process. Regardless of the tools that are available in the UK or elsewhere for the development process and for sustainability proxies, it is the timing and sequencing of decisions (when data are collected or the tools are applied) that are important in delivering effective solutions.
D Rachel Lombardi; Maria Caserio; Rossa Donovan; James Hale; Dexter V L Hunt; Carina Weingaertner; Austin Barber; John R Bryson; Richard Coles; Mark Gaterell; Ljubomir Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Jonathan Sadler; Christopher Rogers. Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2011, 38, 1105 -1121.
AMA StyleD Rachel Lombardi, Maria Caserio, Rossa Donovan, James Hale, Dexter V L Hunt, Carina Weingaertner, Austin Barber, John R Bryson, Richard Coles, Mark Gaterell, Ljubomir Jankovic, Ian Jefferson, Jonathan Sadler, Christopher Rogers. Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 2011; 38 (6):1105-1121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD Rachel Lombardi; Maria Caserio; Rossa Donovan; James Hale; Dexter V L Hunt; Carina Weingaertner; Austin Barber; John R Bryson; Richard Coles; Mark Gaterell; Ljubomir Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Jonathan Sadler; Christopher Rogers. 2011. "Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38, no. 6: 1105-1121.
This is the urban century in which, for the first time, the majority of people live in towns and cities. Understanding how people influence, and are influenced by, the 'green' component of these environments is therefore of enormous significance. Providing an overview of the essentials of urban ecology, the book begins by covering the vital background concepts of the urbanisation process and the effect that it can have on ecosystem functions and services. Later sections are devoted to examining how species respond to urbanisation, the many facets of human-ecology interactions, and the issues surrounding urban planning and the provision of urban green spaces. Drawing on examples from urban settlements around the world, it highlights the progress to date in this burgeoning field, as well as the challenges that lie ahead.
Zoe G. Davies; Jill L. Edmondson; Karl L. Evans; Gary W. Luck; Lisa T. Smallbone; Stefan Klotz; Ingolf Kühn; Richard A. Fuller; Katherine N. Irvine; Paige S. Warren; Sharon L. Harlan; Christopher Boone; Susannah B. Lerman; Eyal Shochat; Ann P. Kinzig; Jo Barton; Jules Pretty; Jon Sadler; Adam Bates; James Hale; Philip James; Robbert Snep; Paul Opdam; Michael L. McKinney. Urban Ecology. Urban Ecology 2009, 1 .
AMA StyleZoe G. Davies, Jill L. Edmondson, Karl L. Evans, Gary W. Luck, Lisa T. Smallbone, Stefan Klotz, Ingolf Kühn, Richard A. Fuller, Katherine N. Irvine, Paige S. Warren, Sharon L. Harlan, Christopher Boone, Susannah B. Lerman, Eyal Shochat, Ann P. Kinzig, Jo Barton, Jules Pretty, Jon Sadler, Adam Bates, James Hale, Philip James, Robbert Snep, Paul Opdam, Michael L. McKinney. Urban Ecology. Urban Ecology. 2009; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZoe G. Davies; Jill L. Edmondson; Karl L. Evans; Gary W. Luck; Lisa T. Smallbone; Stefan Klotz; Ingolf Kühn; Richard A. Fuller; Katherine N. Irvine; Paige S. Warren; Sharon L. Harlan; Christopher Boone; Susannah B. Lerman; Eyal Shochat; Ann P. Kinzig; Jo Barton; Jules Pretty; Jon Sadler; Adam Bates; James Hale; Philip James; Robbert Snep; Paul Opdam; Michael L. McKinney. 2009. "Urban Ecology." Urban Ecology , no. : 1.