The necropolis of El Toro is characterised as a space of prolonged use in northern Oretania. Several important archaeological finds were made in 1975 and 2012, leading to the excavation of six test pits in 2017. Based on the existing legacy data, an extension of the state of knowledge was carried out by combining several geophysical tools. The geophysical tools chosen for this sample consist of a combination of data from two different georadar systems, to which data from a magnetometer survey is added. A series of post-processes are applied to the preliminary results to improve the visualisation and interpretation of the data. The combination of these techniques used at the site is an improvement that helps us to understand these spaces and their interaction with the historical landscape of La Mancha.

RESUMEN La bahía de Cádiz, donde desemboca el río Guadalete, en el suroeste de la península ibérica, es un espacio privilegiado para estudiar los cambios antrópicos y naturales a lo largo del tiempo, gracias a diversos procesos de transformación y una rica cartografía histórica. El Guadalete era navegable desde época romana, formando un amplio estuario que se fue colmatando paulatinamente. Para época medieval la documentación archivística testimonia la dificultad que tenían los barcos ligeros para remontar el río y alcanzar el puerto fluvial de El Portal, emplazamiento clave para la comercialización de vinos de Jerez de la Frontera. En este artículo modelamos el paisaje de la cuenca baja del Guadalete, analizando los procesos que influencian su cegamiento. Para ello, recurrimos a la creación de un modelo digital del terreno a partir de datos LiDAR (light detection and ranging). Proponemos un método para la restitución de la topografía en un momento histórico determinado, el uso de cartografía histórica para establecer la deriva del cauce del río y un análisis de los condicionantes naturales (geología, hidrología, mareas, eventos catastróficos) y antrópicos (molinos, salinas, lastre de los barcos) que condicionaron la navegabilidad. Palabras clave: navegación fluvial, SIG, LiDAR, modelado del paisajeTopónimos: río Guadalete, bahía de CádizPeriodo: siglos xv-xviii ABSTRACTThe Bay of Cadiz, where the Guadalete River flows into the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, is a privileged area for studying anthropic and natural changes over time, thanks to various transformation processes and its rich historical cartography. The river was navigable from Roman times, forming a wide estuary that gradually silted up. In medieval times, archival documentation attests to the difficulty of crossing the river with light boats to reach El Portal Port, for the commercialization of Jerez de la Frontera wines. In this article, we model the landscape of the lower basin of the Guadalete, analysing the processes that influence its clogging. To do so, we resort to the creation of a Digital Terrain Model from LiDAR data. We propose a method for the restitution of the topography at a given historical moment, the use of historical cartography to establish the drift of the riverbed and an analysis of the natural (geology, hydrology, tides, catastrophic events) and anthropic (mills, salt works, ship ballast) factors that conditioned its navigability. Keywords: fluvial navigation, GIS, LiDAR, landscape modelling Place names: Guadalete River, Bay of CadizPeriod: 15th-18th centuries REFERENCIASAlonso Villalobos, C., Gracia Prieto, J., Rodríguez Polo, S., Martín Puertas, C. M. 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The traditional identification of the ancient port of Ilici with the current town of Santa Pola in Alicante (Spain) has been based on a small number of punctual, unconnected, and too partial archaeological interventions. Since 2017, a program of geophysical surveys has been performed with a Stream X model multi-channel georadar IDS. This program has been focused mainly on the so-called Mercado de Viguetes, an area in which archaeological excavations have hardly been carried out. The geophysical surveys have allowed us to draw part of the urban fabric of the central core of the Portus Ilicitanus, revealing a set of structures that can be assimilated into a port area: warehouses, houses, open spaces, and decantation basins to produce salted fish, and the probable eastern boundary of the complex identified with the port dock. Altogether, two predominant alignments can be assimilated into the Early Imperial and Late Imperial construction phases. Non-invasive archaeological methodologies have become the main resource for archaeological analysis and heritage protection in view of the current impossibility of carrying out archaeological excavations in this area of Santa Pola.

This study employs Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) and remote sensing to reconstruct and analyse Roman roads in the Bay of Cádiz, a region characterised by its intricate coastal and fluvial landscape. By integrating aerial orthophotography and LiDAR data, historical route structures are identified and analysed through a paleodigital terrain model. Least-cost path ( LCP ) analysis and friction maps are applied to assess transitability, enabling the reconstruction of optimal routes between key archaeological sites. The methodology proves particularly effective for studying historical infrastructures in dynamic coastal environments, where sedimentation, water bodies and geomorphological changes obscure ancient paths. Validation against archaeological evidence and historical sources confirms the reliability of the reconstructed routes, offering a robust framework for understanding mobility in antiquity. Beyond its archaeological significance, this approach provides a transferable model for investigating transportation networks in similarly complex landscapes. This method holds potential applications for heritage conservation, landscape archaeology and the study of historical adaptation to environmental challenges.