An electrical islanding detection method for DC microgrid (MG) is proposed in this paper. Unlikely conventional AC MG system protection has been challenging for the DC MG system. The goal of the proposed scheme is to detect the islanding intelligently within the agent nodes. The proposed islanding detection technique detects the electrical link failure intelligently, and if any electrical link failure occurs, then the proposed technique maintains the MG operation and load sharing. Islanding detection is carried out using an injection signal and utilizes the existing communication network to check network connectivity. After checking the network connectivity, all the nodes maintain the look-up table of the connected network. This research work illustrates that the proposed electrical islanding detection technique is effective in maintaining the DC MG operation in the case of an electrical islanding/link failure scenario. The proposed scheme’s performance is checked through MATLAB/Simulink for the detection of islanding and maintaining the operation.

The key objective of the research is to calculate and design the Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) that can meet Pakistan’s energy needs. This is the plan for producing approximately 20 kW of electricity to distribute the load used by common household appliances. This study will focus on Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan, where a wind turbine is considered to generate electricity. The appropriate design is required to make the turbine more efficient and decreases the cost. Q-blade wind turbine software verifies the design parameters. The maximum power factor is achieved at the design speed of 8 m/s. Design analysis is also performed in Q-blade wind turbine simulation software.

In the previous couple of decades, techniques to reap energy and empower low voltage electronic devices have received outstanding attention. Most of the methods based on the piezoelectric effect to harvest the energy from ambient vibrations have been revolutionized. There’s an absence of experiment-based investigation which incorporates the microstructure analysis and crystal morphology of those energy harvest home materials. Moreover, the impact of variable mechanical and thermal load conditions has seldom been studied within the previous literature to utilize the effectiveness of those materials in several practical applications like structural health monitoring (SHM), etc. In the proposed research work, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis are performed to examine the inside crystal morphology of PZT-5A and ensure the quality of the piezoelectric ceramic. Further, the performance of piezoelectric vibration-based energy harvester has been investigated in the second phase of current research work under the variable mechanical and thermal load conditions through a regular series of experiments. It’s been found that the output voltage of piezoelectric sensors will increase by increasing the applied load, whereas a decreasing trend in output voltage is noticed by increasing the applied temperature, resistance and frequency. Within the third part, a measuring setup is developed in the laboratory to further investigate the effectiveness of PZT-5A in practical applications such as electromechanical impedance (EMI) based structural health monitoring under the controlled heating environment. Therefore, this analysis not only evaluates the performance of PZT sensors under the variable operating conditions but also encourages developing a temperature compensation approach in EMI-based SHM.