Precision agriculture is getting immense attention from researchers and farmers across the world due to the threatening situation of the demand and production gap. Evolution in the electromechanical system and the emergence of intelligent monitoring and conditioning systems have enabled closing the gap to make agronomy quicker, lesser prone to infestations, and still profitable at the same time. Whereas the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled access to relevant data remotely and automates essential response systems to any threat or requirement by a plant in a particular environment. This study concentrates on gathering such advanced mechatronic techniques in the agricultural sector and analyses of the benefits and disadvantages of the modern method.

Crop growth and yield are influenced by the genetic potential of the cultivar, soil, weather, and cultivation practices, i.e., sowing date, irrigation and fertilizer amount, and biotic stresses. Temporal variation in yield and growth has been largely forecasted using climate as a predictor, which can be achieved by using either an empirical or crop simulation approach for a given location. Climate and soil data collected over agricultural land regularly aid in crop growth monitoring, as well as crop vitality assessment. Crop simulation models (CSM) that have been successful in field-scale applications are now being implemented in GIS framework to simulate and monitor crop growth with remote sensing inputs, allowing for sensitive evaluations of seasonal weather conditions, local variability, and crop management signals. This research was designed to monitor the growth of three varieties of kiwifruit, i.e., Hayward grafted, Green-flesh, and Hayward, in four different localities: Hazaro (Attock), Simli Dam (Pind Begwal), GPU (germ plasm unit) Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi and ZTBL (Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited) Farm Islamabad, each of which has different soil and weather conditions. Soil proximal sensors were used to measure soil characteristics, and data loggers were installed in each field to monitor the weather parameters to collect data that influences crops. In this study, we used a quantitative method and GIS-integrated data to assess the impact of soil and climate on kiwifruit growth. It can help policy makers and researchers to identify new agro-climatic zones in Pakistan’s semi-arid regions for kiwifruit farming based on this data. In this study, we found that kiwi is very susceptible to temperatures above 40 °C, which cause mortality in kiwifruits plants. Morphological data with respect to soil and climate results showed that green-fleshed and Hayward varieties performed slightly better than Hayward grafted, which was most susceptible to diseases and heat damage.

Soil moisture sensors and hydraulic modeling play a vital role in managing surface irrigation systems. Crop water productivity can be improved by managing the inflow cut-off time and optimizing the other field scale measurements. As such, hydraulic modelling and field experiments were carried out at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Pakistan. The soil moisture sensor (SEN-13322) and the WinSRFR model were used for this purpose. In total, nineteen treatments including eighteen simulated treatments and one conventional treatment were designed at two levels of discharge (Q₁:0.0025 and Q₂:0.0035 m³s⁻¹), at three sensor positions (S₁:55%, S₂:65%, and S₃:75%) across the field length, as well as with three different border widths (B₁:6.4m, B₂:8.5m, and B₃:10.7m) after successful sensor and model calibration during the two growing seasons of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. The results revealed a significant difference between the means and the treatment T₁₀ i.e., Q₂S₁B₁ that were found to be highly efficient and uniform.

All tropical and subtropical areas of the world are suitable for citrus cultivation. In managing fertilizer application efficiency in orchards, variable-rate technology (VRT) has been demonstrated to be an important element. This article aims to study the significance of variable-rate fertilization for citrus in the arid region of Pakistan. The NPK was calculated before the application of the variable-rate fertilizer. The plant height and stem girth were determined before and after fertilizer application. The preliminary results revealed that the stem girth performed significantly better than the plant height after applying fertilizer by VRT. The preliminary results showed a significant difference in the fruit yield between the VRT and uniform-rate fertilizer application.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa launched the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) in 2014. Pakistan also initiated a “10 billion trees in five years” project in 2018. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to forecast the impacts of LULC changes on water yield under three scenarios: before planting, after 1 billion trees planted, and after 10 billion trees planted. Model calibration and validation were undertaken at the Bisham Qila gauging station from 1984 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010. The Tarbela reservoir’s mean annual runoff declined from 53.70 mm to 45.40 mm after 1 billion trees planted, while under the third scenario it approximated 35.05 mm.