Cereals–soybean intercropping is not well studied, despite the importance of these crops in increasing agricultural profitability and ensuring nutritional and food security in Southeast Asia. We compared different intercropping practices (IPs) with monocropping practices (MPs) for their yield and economic performance by small-scale farms without mechanization. The treatments were IPs of rice–maize, rice–soybean, or maize–soybean compared with MPs of rice, maize, or soybean as sole crops, across three provinces in the rainfed areas of western Indonesia with a wet climate. Our results show that the yield advantages using the land equivalent ratio of the IPs were 44% for rice–maize, 54% for rice–soybean, and 63% for maize–soybean compared to MPs. Rice equivalent yield, maize equivalent yield, and the gross margin under IPs were significantly higher per cycle than under MPs; IPs provided a substantially lower cost of production and of paid workers. Compared to just rice, there were additional net return gains of USD 160 and USD 203 ha⁻¹ per cycle under rice–maize and rice–soybean intercropping. Maize–soybean intercropping resulted in an additional net return gain of USD 153 ha⁻¹ compared to just maize. These results suggest there is considerable potential for small farmers to increase their yields and profits by intercropping in rainfed areas with a wet climate.

South Lampung Regency, located in southern Sumatra, Indonesia, records a high disaster risk index score of 176.14, with its coastal areas acutely exposed to tsunami hazards. Historical evidence of the 1883 Krakatoa and the 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunamis, which caused 118 deaths and extensive infrastructural losses, underscores the urgency of comprehensive mitigation efforts. This study adopts a qualitative ethnographic design integrated with geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial analysis to examine how coastal communities in Kalianda and Rajabasa transform indigenous knowledge into practical resilience strategies. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, participant observation and satellite image–based land-use mapping. The spatial analysis classified six vulnerability zones and revealed that 42% of settlements remain within high-risk coastal buffers. The findings indicate that local communities complement structural mitigation, such as breakwaters and evacuation sites with culturally embedded practices, including interpreting natural warning signs, reinforcing communal solidarity and intergenerational transfer of evacuation knowledge. Contribution: The research contributes an integrated vulnerability map that merges structural, environmental and socio-cultural dimensions, demonstrating that the fusion of indigenous knowledge and scientific spatial assessment substantially enhances tsunami preparedness. These insights provide a replicable model for policymakers and disaster risk-reduction practitioners in similar coastal regions.

Efektivitas Proses Pembelajaran Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu Padi Sawah oleh Komunitas Petani di Lampung

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of microbes from the rumen contents of cattle as antagonists of pathogenic fungi and as liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) containing P-solubilizing bacteria in rice plants. The mixture consisting of 5 kg rumen contents of cattle, 2 kg of rice bran, 1 kg of molasses, and 10 L of tap water was fermented for 14 days. After fermentation, the mixture was filtered to separate the liquid from the solid components. The solid portion was collected for the isolation and screening of contained bacteria. Subsequent tests included biochemical tests, antagonistic activity tests, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, phosphate solubilization ability testing, inhibitory ability study, and application of LOF in a screen house. One bacterial isolate (PTK2TB code) exhibited the highest antagonistic activity against three tested pathogenic fungi (inhibits more than 50%). Subsequent 16SrDNA sequence analysis showed that this isolate belongs to the same group as the type strain and reference strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Furthermore, out of the 90 bacterial isolates obtained, 20 demonstrated a high capacity for phosphate solubilization. Additionally, LOF containing phosphate-solubilizing bacterial isolates positively impacted rice growth and yield.