A wide range of nanoparticles have been produced for photocatalysis applications. Nonetheless, degrading organic dyes requires nanoparticles that are efficient and excellent. As a photocatalyst, pure manganese oxide (MnO₂) was prepared via a sol–gel method using silver (Ag) nanoparticles of transition metal oxide. In addition to X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the crystal structure and elemental composition were analysed. According to XRD data, the transition metal of MnO₂ oxide is highly pure and has a small crystallite size. The presence of functional groups was confirmed and clarified using Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR). By irradiating the transition pure and doped MnO₂ photocatalysts with visible light, the UV-vis, μ-Raman, and surface areas were determined. As a result, of using the photocatalysts with aqueous methylene blue (MB) solutions under visible light irradiation, the MnO₂ doped with Ag nanoparticles demonstrated high degradation efficiencies and were utilised to establish heterogeneous photocatalysis dominance. In this paper, we demonstrate that the photocatalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides is exclusively determined by the particle size and surface area of nano-sized materials. Due to their high surface charge ratio and different surface orientations, have the highest photocatalytic efficiency. Generally, MnO₂ doped with Ag nanoparticles is resistant to bacteria of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative types (B. sublittus and Escherichia coli). There is still a need for more research to be performed on reducing the toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles so that they can be used as an effective alternative to antibiotics and disinfectants, particularly for biomedical applications.

As a result of the sol-gel method, we were able to produce pure ZnO and ZnO-doped TiO₂ nanocomposites. The hexagonal wurtzite phase in ZnO products was discovered by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). ZnO products are typically hexagonal wurtzite crystallites, formed according to the Debye Scherrer formula. Nanocomposites with significant morphological changes were created using the sol-gel process, including those that resembled rocks. To determine the composition of Zn, O, and Ti atoms in the samples, a multidimensional X-ray analysis was performed. There is an energy gap between 3.61 eV, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. In this study, pure ZnO and ZnO-doped TiO₂ nanocomposites were used to study the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. Over an irradiation course of 6 h, a ZnO-doped TiO₂ composite (84%) were studied. As determined by the kinetic analysis, nanocomposites made from pure ZnO and ZnO-doped TiO₂ followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. In the presence of ZnO-doped TiO₂ nanocomposites, antibacterial activity was significantly improved. This was shown to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and B. sublittus). There is evidence that the metal oxide nanocomposites that are produced can be used as an appropriate antimicrobial and disinfection alternative, particularly in biomedical settings, as reported in more detail.

The aim of the present investigation is to fabricate pure and aluminum (Al) + fluorine (F) simultaneously doped zinc oxide films using a cost-effective simplified spray pyrolysis technique with a perfume atomizer for the first time. The results report the effects of [Al + F] doping on the structural, optical, electrical, and surface morphological properties of ZnO thin films. The crystalline structure studies reveal the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the ZnO thin films. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the crystallite size decreases from 71.20 to 41.36 nm. Optical studies reveal an average transmittance of 90 at.% in the visible region. The blue shift is observed in the absorption edge, and the band gap value significantly varies from Eg= 3.25 eV to Eg= 3.38 eV. Electrical studies indicate that the minimum sheet resistance of 58.75 Ω-1 is achieved for 3+10 at.% of [Al + F] doping. The highest figure of merit is estimated to be approximately 8.441 x 10-3 Ω-1. Scanning electron microscope results show a spherical-shaped, pinhole morphology. These findings suggest that the described conditions are very suitable for optoelectronic applications.