At present, the embedded systems are facing various kinds of attacks, especially for the data stored in the external memories. This paper presents a hardware-enhanced protection method to protect the data integrity and confidentiality at runtime, preventing the data from spoofing attack, splicing attack, replay attack, and some malicious analysis. For the integrity protection, the signature is calculated by the hardware implemented Lhash engine before the data sending off the chip, and the signature of the data block is recalculated and compared with the decrypted one at the load time. For the confidentiality protection, an AES encryption engine is used to generate the key stream, the plain data and the cipher data can translate through a simple XOR operation. The hardware cryptographic engines are optimized to work simultaneously with the memory access operation, which reduces the hardware overhead and the performance overhead. We implement the proposed architecture within OR1200 processor on Xilinx Virtex 5 FPGA platform. The experiment results show that the proposed hardware-enhanced protection method can preserve the integrity and confidentiality of the runtime data in the embedded systems with low power consumption and a marginal area footprint. The performance overhead is less than 2.27% according to the selected benchmarks.

We introduced a possible electric charge forming mechanism, which includes the quasi normal mode calculations for a Kerr black hole with area of and spin 2 and the states generation by the preon model. We think the electric charge may exist as energy in the 3+1 space time with no need for additional dimension. And we think there might possibly be a tiny Kerr black hole net in our universe, which is sparse for electric charges and will select out the energies corresponding to electric charges as the only possible propagating wave energies. This net may at least be another possible way to have electric charge quantization except confinement, especially when we have to treat it as quantized energy propagating in the 3+1 space time. We also showed that electric charge may be the source of a Berry curvature to curve the 3+1 space time to form the conventional electromagnetic field. Observation considerations have also been given. Future gravitational wave detections may offer opportunities to check the ideas proposed here.

Research on the field perturbation of black hole is quite attractive, such as, for Schwarzschild black hole, the study on the quasi normal mode gives a result: ω_R = T_Hln3. And here when we study the quasi normal mode of the minimum Kerr black hole, we found it corresponds to the charge of e/3. Models and calculations are performed to clarify this, and then further examinations are given to show the implications, especially to let the theory self consistently and even make predictions. We found that even in the Planck scale, the classical General Relativity can give a good description here. Examination on the process from energy to charge value shows that directly using the equation E = hω = √(K/G) e_rc² may be helpful. It avoids the annoying caused by taking mass as a middle variable. However, this equation might imply and predict that charge also means some kind of energy.

It is still an open question that how the masses are formed for charged leptons. The widely accepted Yukawa coupling mechanism generally have quite randomized coupling constants for their masses. In this paper, we tried to build a simple model to calculate the masses of charged leptons. We assumed that the masses are formed by coupling of the plasma characteristic energy from the particle-antiparticle pairs in the background sea, and the electric potential inside the Compton ball. The internal structure of the charged leptons is thought to have three states, i.e. the negative charge, the positive charge and the Planck scale Kerr black hole. For electron and muon, the zitterbewegung is formed by positive charge and negative charge, but for tau, the excited zitterbewegung is formed by negative charge and the Planck scale Kerr black hole. The calculations of this simple model give quite close values for the charged leptons as compared with the lab results. We think we may need pay more attention on the internal structure of a particle.

Higgs physics is an active front from both experimental and theoretical aspects. It is a problem how to explain the measured value of Higgs mass, and a simple question like where the quartic coupling potential exactly comes from could not be well answered. This paper described a simple model for the Higgs field. It seems the Higgs mass may come from the coupling between the thermal energy relative to Hawking temperature of the Planck scale Kerr black hole and the thermal energy of cosmological microwave background. By a logarithm potential, we can naturally get the exact quartic term for the Lagrangian. The Higgs mass and the vacuum expectation value we get are proportional to the square root of the temperature of the cosmological thermal background, which may mean they shall be larger in the earlier universe. Future gravitational wave detection may help to check this model. If the model could prove to be true, it will have important influence on our understanding of the cosmology.