Knowledge of hydrologic connectivity is important to grasp the hydrological response at a basin scale, particularly as changes in connectivity can have a negative effect on the environment. In the context of a changing climate, being able to predict how changes in connectivity will affect runoff and sediment transport is particularly relevant for land-use planning. Many studies on hydrology, geomorphology and climatology have been conducted in the Lake Tana Basin in Ethiopia, which is undergoing rapid development and significant environmental changes. This systematic literature review aims at assessing to what extent the hydrologic connectivity has been taken into account in such research, and to identify research gaps relevant to land and water management. On the Web of Science and Scopus databases, 135 scientific articles covering those topics were identified. Aspects of hydrologic connectivity were mostly implicitly taken into account based on process-based, statistical and descriptive models. Amongst the drivers of changing connectivity, the climate was covered by a large majority of publications (64%). Components of structural hydrologic connectivity were accounted for by considering geomorphology (54%) and soils (47%), and to a lesser extent, hydrography (16%) and geology (12%). Components of functional connectivity were covered by looking at surface water fluxes (61%), sediment fluxes (18%) and subsurface water fluxes (13%). While numerous studies of the Lake Tana Basin accounted for the hydrologic connectivity implicitly, these related predominantly to functional components. The structural components are given less attention, while in the context of a changing climate, better insights into their influence on the hydrologic seem most relevant. Better knowledge of the static aspect of connectivity is particularly important for targeting appropriate soil and water conservation strategies. Being able to explicitly assess the ‘structural connectivity’ is therefore of direct relevance for land management and land-use policy.

Biara Sangkilon is one of the many biaras in the in Padang Lawas archaeological area located in Sangkilon Village, Lubuk Barumun District, Padang Lawas Regency. In general, the arrangement of biaras in this region has its own characteristics, namely the main building facing the mandapa, with one gate. The problem raised in this paper is how the spatial constellation of Biara Sangkilon is? The writing purpose of this article is to get a description of the space boundaries based on the distinction of spatial functions and their relationships in the Biara Sangkilon Complex. Through descriptive-analytical research it can be seen in fact through the form of structure, distance, findings artifactual, and boundaries, there is a fairly clear division of space between sacred space, and profane at Biara Sangkilon. Biara Sangkilon merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak biara di Kawasan Kepurbakalaan Padang Lawas yang terletak di Desa Sangkilon, Kecamatan Lubuk Barumun, Kabupaten Padang Lawas. Secara umum, susunan biara-biara yang terdapat di kawasan ini memiliki ciri khas tersendiri yaitu bangunan utama berhadapan dengan mandapa, dengan satu pintu gerbang. Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam makalah ini adalah bagaimanakah konstelasi keruangan Biara Sangkilon? Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang batas-batas ruang yang didasarkan pada pembedaan fungsi-fungsi ruang beserta relasirelasinya yang terdapat di Kompleks Biara Sangkilon. Melalui penelitian yang bersifat deskriptifanalitis dapat diketahui ternyata melalui bentuk struktur, jarak, temuan artefaktual, dan batasbatas, terdapat pembagian ruang yang cukup jelas antara ruang sakral, dan profan di Biara Sangkilon.

Sediment connectivity, which describes the degree to which sediment is transferred from source areas to downstream locations, is a fundamental factor influencing hydro-geomorphological processes and sediment dynamics within a catchment. Assessing sediment connectivity is essential for understanding soil erosion patterns, predicting sediment transport, and informing effective watershed management strategies. This study investigated sediment connectivity in the Petane catchment using the Index of Connectivity (IC). The Sedln-connect 2.3 was used to calculate sediment connectivity. This tool provides quantitative measures of potential sediment pathways and allows evaluation of the likelihood that sediment from various parts of the catchment will reach the outlet. A land cover map derived from Sentinel-2 imagery was used to calculate cover management factors, which quantify the influence of land cover on sediment transfer. Results reveal spatial variation in sediment connectivity across the catchment. Settlement areas and cropland exhibit the highest connectivity, indicating elevated potential for sediment transfer toward the outlet, whereas forested areas and water bodies demonstrate the lowest connectivity, acting as natural barriers to sediment movement. The results of the study emphasize the critical role of land cover in controlling sediment pathways and provide valuable insights for soil conservation, erosion mitigation, and integrated catchment management in the Petane catchment.

Land degradation, driven by human activities and climate change, remains a significant global issue, particularly in upland areas prone to soil erosion. This study focuses on the Gumara and Rib catchments in Ethiopia, aiming to enhance the assessment of water and sediment connectivity through a novel weight factor in the modified index of connectivity (mic). The study evaluates connectivity at both annual and monthly scales and identifies potential sediment sources. By integrating remote sensing and gis techniques with connectivity indices, the research reveals strong correlations between sediment yield and mic values, highlighting the impact on connectivity processes of rainfall, land cover, slope and soil erodibility. The findings underscore the utility of connectivity indices as a tool for monitoring sediment transport, particularly in regions with limited spatial data, and emphasise the importance of considering connectivity in erosion management strategies.

Babura is a tributary of the Deli River Basin, making a significant contribution to regulating the hydrological system of Medan, Sumatra Utara. However, the river basin is increasingly affected by recurrent hydrological issues, particularly flooding and sedimentation. This research focuses on investigating the morphometric properties of the Babura catchment using three key parameters: linear, areal, and relief aspects. GIS-based analysis was used to extract morphometric data from the 8-m spatial resolution DEMNAS digital elevation model. The results show that the Babura catchment reaches stream order five, with an average bifurcation ratio of 1.85, suggesting a moderate degree of stream branching. This indicates that the drainage configuration is primarily governed by topographical variations and the presence of easily erodible lithology, rather than being strongly influenced by structural geological controls. A drainage density of 4.3 km/km² reflects a relatively balanced interaction between runoff and infiltration processes, although it also points to a moderate susceptibility to flooding and erosion. Furthermore, the elongation ratio of 0.34 suggests a delayed hydrological response to rainfall events, which may result in extended peak flow durations. Relief analysis indicates a total basin relief of 333 m, corresponding to moderately steep terrain and a moderate capacity for sediment transport. These morphometric insights are essential for informing sustainable catchment management strategies, particularly in relation to flood mitigation and land use planning in the Babura catchment.