In recent years, after the global financial crisis, the issue of credit risk management has received increased attention from international regulators. Credit risk management frameworks are often not sufficiently integrated within the organization, there is no unified approach, and there is no holistic view of all risks. Likewise, where they exist, sound risk management practices have helped institutions to weather financial crises better than others. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the determinants of credit risk management and their relationship with the performance of commercial banks in Nepal. It also examines the mediating role of credit risk management on the performance of commercial banks in Nepal. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between environmental risk and credit risk management. It is also found that credit appraisal measurements have a significant effect on credit risk management. The results reveal that market risk analysis has a significant effect on credit risk management. The results show that credit risk management mediates the relationship between environmental risk, credit appraisal measurements, market risk analysis, and the performance of commercial banks. Therefore, managers should strive to impart risk prevention and control mechanisms to reduce credit risk and achieve good financial performance.

In contemporary times, women have gained recognition as accomplished entrepreneurs who make substantial contributions to economic development by virtue of their perseverance, excellence, and expertise. The concept of women's entrepreneurship encompasses the undertaking of creating novel enterprises, with the individual's intention to assume the role of an entrepreneur serving as a pivotal factor in this developmental trajectory. The underperformance of female entrepreneurs is alarming for developing nations. Purposefully, exploring the factors correlating female entrepreneurship intention is highly regarded, and a timely research is needed, thus this study explores the context of Pakistan considered a developing country. Hence, we collected data from listed small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the country by means of structured questionnaires. Using SPSS and Smart-PLS software, we developed a conceptual model and performed analysis. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constitutes a robust psychological framework applicable to understanding and anticipating various human behaviors, first and foremost, entrepreneurial intention. When applying the TPB to the area of women's entrepreneurial intentions, several crucial factors come into play, including motivation, self-confidence, personality traits, and adaptability. The results indicate that factors such as the will to start a business, willingness, personality traits, adaptability, and background factors, including education and experience, impact entrepreneurial intention. Also, their professional careers make them able to launch a business. Based on our findings, we recommend that the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA), policymakers, and practitioners may provide various incentives and support systems related to these factors to encourage their own company launches. Prior research has examined various factors that impact the entrepreneurial mindsets of women. However, our study focuses specifically on closely associated aspects that have received limited attention, particularly in the context of Pakistan. This study makes a valuable contribution to the extant body of literature by providing empirical evidence in the aforementioned domains.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Gilgit-Baltistan are faced with several critical sustainability-oriented problems within the entrepreneurial ecology. This includes resistance to change, myopic thinking of looking for short-term gains and facing problems accessing advanced technology in a new environment. Thus, this study examines the multifaceted relationships (considering entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial culture, government support, and social support), sustainable digital innovation, and business sustainability performance, with a particular emphasis on SMEs in rural areas. A total of 13 hypotheses are proposed in this study to examine the above phenomena. Data were collected from 431 participants in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, through a questionnaire survey, and the data was analyzed using partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to reveal empirical outcomes. The findings acknowledge that the entrepreneurship ecosystem (entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial culture, government support, and social support) and sustainable digital innovation play a significant role in influencing the performance of sustainable businesses. Furthermore, sustainable digital innovation plays a positive mediating role between the entrepreneurial ecosystem and business sustainability. The research revealed that business sustainability increases with the positive role of different dimensions of the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The findings of this study are discussed within the “ecological modernization theory (EMT)“ and add to the understanding of different sets of relationships that provide a theoretical framework. The study provides ways for different stakeholders in SMEs to handle the entrepreneurship ecosystem, sustainable digital innovation, and sustainable business performance.

Background: Value-driven career attitude (VDCA) is considered a dimension of a protean career attitude (PCA). Individuals with this attitude seek out personally meaningful experiences and set their own psychological career success standards. This study investigates the association between value-driven career attitude and job performance. It looks at how organizational citizenship behavior affects the relationship between value-driven career attitudes and job performance.Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 random employees of SMEs in Pakistan during the early pandemic. We chose Cochran’s formula to determine the appropriate sample size, and PLS-SEM was used to analyze the model. P-O fit and self-determination theory is the theoretical lenses used in this study. The underpinning theories to this study enable the researchers to establish a link between VDCA, OCB, and job performance.Results: By analyzing a sample of 400 employees from active enterprises, we discover that VDCA contributes to an improvement in job performance. Furthermore, OCB plays an intervening effect in the relationship between VDCA and job performance. Thus, the study provided evidence for the underpinning models of P-O fit and self-determination theory.Conclusion: This study adds to the body of knowledge by investigating the connections between VDCA, OCB, and job performance in SMEs. The existing literature sheds scant light on these linkages, leaving a gap that this study will address. The current study expands on other themes to provide an in-depth analysis of many under-explored PCA outcomes, which may open up new avenues for future researchers to broaden and strengthen PCA with other constructs.

In recent years, females have been significantly contributing to economic growth by their tenacity, skill, and proficiency. For emerging countries, the poor performance of female entrepreneurs is concerning due to restricted resource access and the absence of social norms. This study aims to explore the mediating role of sustainable digital innovation (SDI) in the relationship between entrepreneurial attitude (EA), perceived behavior (PB), subjective norms (SN), and business sustainable performance (BSP). Information was gathered from the female entrepreneurs in Pakistan’s autonomous territory of Gilgit-Baltistan. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis method served to evaluate model significance. The researcher established strong positive statistical connections among all parameters analyzed: PB, SN, EA, and SBP. In a similar vein, the association between PB, SN, EA, and SBP was positively mediated by SDI. This study helps in designing effective support systems, policies, and strategies that empower female entrepreneurs. Second, this study has significant practical implications for female workers seeking to improve long-term business performance through individual behavior controls, which are aided by sustainable digital innovation.

Compared with the traditional operation mode of emergency vehicles, the mobile emergency vehicle is regarded as a new type of emergency facility carrier with the features of variable locations, flexible mobility, and intelligent decision-making. It can provide an effective solution to reasonably respond to the uncertain risks of sudden disasters. Focusing on meeting the maximum demand for materials and services in disaster areas, this paper proposes a scheduling model of mobile emergency vehicles with dual uncertainty of path and demand. The model, solved by an integer-coding hybrid genetic algorithm, aims to obtain minimum mobile emergency scheduling cost and time by transforming the multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem. The “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake is used as an example to validate the model and solving method. The results show that the model can reduce the impact of uncertain risks and improve the scientific logic of emergency strategies and deployments based on the actual crisis scenario. It benefits from introducing mobile emergency vehicles and optimizing their scheduling process.