Insulin resistance is documented in clamp studies in 75% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although it is not included in the diagnostic criteria of PCOS, there is a crucial role of this metabolic impairment, which along with hormonal abnormalities, increase each other in a vicious circle of PCOS pathogenesis. Insulin resistance in this group of patients results from defects at the molecular level, including impaired insulin receptor-related signaling pathways enhanced by obesity and its features: Excess visceral fat, chronic inflammation, and reactive oxygen species. While lifestyle intervention has a first-line role in the prevention and management of excess weight in PCOS, the role of anti-obesity pharmacological agents in achieving and maintaining weight loss is being increasingly recognized. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) not only act by reducing body weight but also can affect the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance, like an increasing expression of glucose transporters in insulin-dependent tissues, decreasing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating lipid metabolism. They also tend to improve fertility either by increasing LH surge in hypothalamus-pituitary inhibition due to estrogen excess connected with obesity or decreasing too high LH levels accompanying hyperinsulinemia. GLP1-RAs seem promising for effective treatment of obese PCOS patients, acting on one of the primary causes of PCOS at the molecular level.

Previous studies on aggressiveness and impulsiveness in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are ambiguous. Furthermore, no biochemical or clinical factors related to these variables have been definitively confirmed. The aim of the study was to clarify whether, in women with phenotype A of PCOS, variables such as body mass index and clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism have an impact on either the intensity of impulsivity or aggression or on other selected behavioral manifestations of these variables. The study included 95 patients diagnosed with PCOS phenotype A. The criterion for recruitment into the study group and the control group was body mass index. The study was conducted with the use of a closed-format questionnaire and calibrated clinical scales. Higher body mass index (BMI) values in women with PCOS phenotype A are associated with poor eating habits. The severity of impulsivity and aggression syndrome, as well as the tendency to engage in risky sexual behavior and patterns of alcohol consumption among patients diagnosed with PCOS phenotype A, are not dependent on BMI. The severity of impulsiveness and the syndrome of aggression in women with phenotype A PCOS are not associated with clinical symptoms of hyperandrogenism or with androgen levels.

Acute genital ulcers (AGU) can affect girls and women of all ages. In children, they often appear as an emergency and remain a diagnostic challenge for pediatricians, gynecologists, and dermatologists. Prompt diagnosis and identification of disease- related factors help to implement appropriate treatment. Firstly, it is crucial to properly compile the medical background of the patient. Infectious, autoimmune, malignant, traumatic, or vaccines are the possible conditions. Also, new infectious agents, such as SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinations against it - COVID-19, may play a significant role in the development of atypical clinical symptoms. We present a case of a 12-years- old girl with acute genital ulcers and history of autoimmune diseases. She had periodic fever - aphthous stomatitis - pharyngitis - adenopathy (PFAPA) syndrome and Henoch-Schönlein purpura in the past. Additionally, she was vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 shortly before the lesions appeared. Review of literature is focused on the possible causal link between appearance of AGU, autoimmunity, and COVID-19 vaccination.

Background/Objectives : Intermediate vision has become increasingly important after cataract surgery because many daily activities require functional visual performance beyond distance vision alone. Enhanced monofocal intraocular lenses may improve intermediate visual function while maintaining good distance visual acuity. The aim of this study was to compare binocular distance and intermediate visual outcomes after bilateral implantation of Clareon and TECNIS Eyhance intraocular lenses. Methods: This was a single-center, non-randomized comparative observational study with assessment of postoperative visual outcomes. Eighty-six patients who had previously undergone uncomplicated bilateral age-related cataract surgery with implantation of the same IOL model in both eyes were included. Forty-two patients received Clareon IOLs and forty-four patients received TECNIS Eyhance IOLs. Postoperative assessment was performed at least 12 weeks after surgery of the second eye. Binocular corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA) were measured using ETDRS charts at 4 m and 66 cm. Results: Baseline biometric and clinical parameters were comparable between groups. Mean postoperative DCIVA was 0.23 ± 0.09 logMAR in the Clareon group and 0.21 ± 0.08 logMAR in the Eyhance group. The mean between-group difference, calculated as Clareon minus Eyhance, was 0.02 logMAR, with a 95% confidence interval from −0.02 to 0.06 logMAR. Mean binocular CDVA was 0.02 ± 0.02 logMAR in the Clareon group and 0.02 ± 0.03 logMAR in the Eyhance group, with a 95% confidence interval for the between-group difference from −0.01 to 0.01 logMAR. Mean postoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent was −0.27 ± 0.42 D in the Clareon group and −0.29 ± 0.37 D in the Eyhance group. Conclusions: Both Clareon and TECNIS Eyhance IOLs provided good binocular distance and intermediate visual acuity after bilateral implantation. Intermediate visual performance after Clareon implantation was comparable to that achieved with TECNIS Eyhance, while distance visual acuity remained similarly high in both groups. These findings suggest that both IOL models may represent useful options for patients undergoing cataract surgery who expect good distance vision and functional intermediate visual performance.