Trigonelline is a plant alkaloid and Andrographolide is a diterpene lactone, both exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of the above said compounds in Dimethylnitrosamine induced toxicity in albino rats. Extraction of Trigonella foenum and Andrographis lineata was carried out by using methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol assisted with suitable temperature, followed by DPPH scavenging activity (IC-50) of these extracts.C_max, T_max, t_1/2, CL, V_d and AUC were evaluated as pharmacokinetic parameters by using calibration curves of Andrographolide and Trigonelline. Extracts of T. foenum-graecum and A. lineate have antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH (IC₅₀ value was 69.04±3.65% and 71.76±6.99%, respectively) comparable with ascorbic acid (53.99±4.88%). Phytochemical analysis of T. foenum-graecum and A. lineate was found with maximum number of phenols in them, with least recovery in the ethyl acetate extract while maximum phenols were found in T. foenum graecum. All the pharmacokinetic parameters of trigonelline and andrographolide administered in low dose (200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg respectively) confirmed the better antioxidative activity than that of ascorbic acid used as a potent antioxidant.

Background Stroke is a leading global cause of long-term disability, often resulting in impairments that affect motor function, cognition, and communication. Traditional rehabilitation approaches frequently focus on isolated therapies, yet growing evidence supports the integration of multidisciplinary care. Despite this, the effectiveness of combined physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and cognitive or speech therapy remains inconsistently evaluated across literature, warranting a systematic review to clarify its clinical utility. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation—specifically integrating physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and cognitive or speech therapy—in improving functional, cognitive, and communicative outcomes in adult stroke survivors. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2012 and 2024. Inclusion criteria covered randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and qualitative research involving post-stroke adults undergoing multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Studies not in English, those focusing on single-modality therapy, or involving animal subjects were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted using a standardized form, and results were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in outcome measures. Results: Nine studies met inclusion criteria. Most reported significant improvements in balance, fine motor skills, activities of daily living, and communication when multidisciplinary rehabilitation was implemented. One trial showed a 91% improvement across multiple functional domains, while others highlighted enhanced independence and quality of life. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, and findings were consistent across diverse healthcare settings. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary rehabilitation appears to be more effective than isolated therapy approaches in supporting stroke recovery across physical, cognitive, and communicative domains. While the evidence is promising, variability in study designs and sample sizes suggests a need for further standardized, large-scale trials to validate these findings and guide clinical implementation.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease. A neuroprotection model is suggested to find novel treatment approaches with oxidative markers interplay in MS. Current study is aimed to find the role of specific neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers involved in the progression of EAE-murine-model of MS and to evaluate the neuromodulatory effects of Olea Europaea (Olive oil), and Arachis Hypogaea (peanut oil). Olea Europaea was used for the environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Marked suppression of leukocyte counts and oxidative-stress markers such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.66IU/ml), catalase (CAT), (3.89 and 5.56µmol/ml) and Glutathione (GSH) (6.88 µmol/ml) in the cocktail of Olive and Peanut oil extract treated group's serum was noticed. The expression level of interleukin -6 (IL-6) (9.63 ± 0.43) and Tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) was significantly (P≤0.001) increased (7.89±0.24) in the diseased rat group treated with LPS as compared with the control group (1.000±0.00). Olive oil and peanut oil extracts alleviated expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, INF-α, GAPDH, β-actin and MMP-8. Similarly, standard drµg Nimodipine, Interferon-α, and Dimethyl fumarate also ameliorated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. As per findings, a significant neuroprotective effect with remyelinated axonal-terminal and oligodendrocytes migration, minimal number of lymphocytic infiltrations, and necrosis of Purkinje-cells was observed after treatment with a cocktail of olive and peanut oils by upregulation of Nitric oxide (NO), Matrix metalloprotease-8 (MMP-8) and 8-hydroxy guanosine (8-OHdG) expression levels.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome marked by an absolute and relative lack of insulin secretion and abnormalities in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Diabetic kidney damage is the most frequent and common consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM). According to an evidence-based study, oxidative stress caused by weakened antioxidant defences and/or increased production of free radicals plays a role in diabetic disease causation. Fifty patients with diabetic nephropathy were enrolled in this trial from Jinnah Hospital in Lahore. The following oxidative stress biomarkers were identified using spectrophotometric methods: SOD, GSH, Catalase, AOPPs, NO, and MDA. Using commercially available Elisa kits, vitamins (C, E, A, and D) and inflammatory markers (TNF- and IL-6) were examined. Using SPSS version 16, the T-test was used to analyze the results. Patients with diabetic nephropathy had their hematological profiles examined. Unusual alterations were discovered in the platelet count and lymphocytes, which indicate internal inflammation and coagulation. Vitamins A, E, C, and D, as well as antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GSH-GPx), were reduced. Increases were observed in oxidative and inflammatory markers, including MDA, MPO, and AOPPs. Based on the information available, it is evident that hyperglycemia triggers several signaling pathways and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn triggers additional signaling cascades that lead to structural and functional changes in the kidney that worsen the complications of diabetic nephropathy.

Background: The current study investigates the suitability of encapsulating the Artemisinin-plant-originated lipophilic drug molecule into polyethylene glycol-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles in a suitable dose regimen for the specific targeting of the drug in colorectal cancer. Methodology: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) were synthesized through the sol-gel method, and Artemisinin was loaded. Then characterization of Artemisinin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (MSN-PEG@Artemisinin) was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta analysis, Polydispersity index (PDI) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and compared with the standard drug Gemcitabine. The in vivo analysis of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was used to induce colorectal tumors in the colon of inbred male Wistar rats. The treatment group of rats was administered MSN-PEG@Artemisinin through intraperitoneal injection. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to the histopathological examination of tumors. Results: The average size of MSN-PEG@Artemisinin was 203.6 ± 64.78 nm with a zeta potential of -10.9mV. PDI was measured at 0.106. FTIR analysis also supported the successful loading of Artemisinin in mesoporous silica nanoparticles with PEG coating without showing interactions. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and Drug loading (DL) percentages were 82.75% and 33.10%, respectively. XRD indicated a uniform mesoporous structure with a proper hexagonal symmetry. The in-vitro release was carried out in phosphate buffer with 7.4 pH following biphasic system with 26% drug release during the first 2.5 hours and 57% in 24 hours, indicating a good controlled release rate. In-vivo study revealed DMH-induced colorectal rats showed the increased tumor weight (34.8±0.75mg) tumor length (8.2±0.6) and tumor width (6.0±0.5) at a dose level of 0.5 ml/kg. Artemisinin loaded MSNPs significantly (p < .005) suppressed tumor weight (15.6±1.56), tumor length (5.7±0.23) and tumor width (2.3±0.8) at a dose level of 100 mg/kg body weight. Overexpression of 8-OHdG, MMP-7, CA-19-9, KRAS, IL-8, Caspase-8, PD-1 and PDL-1 in CRC, which were successfully treated with MSN-PEG@Artemisinin and standard Gemicitabine ((p≥0.056). MSNPs-PEG@Artemisinin suppressed DMH-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by targeting oxidative stress, KRAS/MMP-7/IL-8 inflammatory signaling, PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune evasion, and Caspase-8-associated apoptotic dysregulation. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential of modified MSNPs as a versatile drug delivery system for colorectal cancer, providing a viable approach to enhance the therapeutic window of Artemisinin by controlling the dose while reducing the adverse effects of cancer therapies. This research contributes to advancements in pre-clinical studies and to improvements in targeted colorectal cancer therapies by providing insights into the development and use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a promising drug delivery system.