Cancer is the principal cause of death and its incidence is increasing continuously worldwide. Various treatment approaches are in practice to treat cancer, but these treatment strategies may be associated with severe side effects and also produce drug resistance. However, natural compounds have established their role in cancer management with minimal side effects. In this vista, kaempferol, a natural polyphenol, mainly found in vegetables and fruits, has been revealed to have many health-promoting effects. Besides its health-promoting potential, its anti-cancer potential has also been described in in vivo as well as in in vitro studies. The anti-cancer potential of kaempferol has been proven through modulation of cell signaling pathways in addition to the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. It leads to the activation of tumor suppressor genes, inhibition of angiogenesis, PI3K/AKT pathways, STAT3, transcription factor AP-1, Nrf2 and other cell signaling molecules. Poor bioavailability of this compound is one of the major limitations for its proper and effective disease management actions. Recently, some novel nanoparticle-based formulations have been used to overcome these limitations. The aim of this review is to provide a clear picture regarding the mechanism of action of kaempferol in different cancers through the modulation of cell signaling molecules. Besides this, strategies to improve the efficacy and synergistic effects of this compound have also been described. However, more studies are needed based on clinical trials to fully explore the therapeutic role of this compound, especially in cancer treatment.

Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide and main burden of the healthcare system. Regrettably, most of the currently used cancer treatment approaches such as targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery usually cause adverse complications including hair loss, bone density loss, vomiting, anemia and other complications. However, to overcome these limitations, there is an urgent need to search for the alternative anticancer drugs with better efficacy as well as less adverse complications. Based on the scientific evidences, it is proven that naturally occurring antioxidants present in medicinal plants or their bioactive compounds might constitute a good therapeutic approach in diseases management including cancer. In this regard, myricetin, a polyhydroxy flavonol found in a several types of plants and its role in diseases management as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective has been documented. Moreover, its role in cancer prevention has been noticed through modulation of angiogenesis, inflammation, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, myricetin plays a significant role in cancer prevention through the inhibition of inflammatory markers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Moreover, myricetin increases the chemotherapeutic potential of other anticancer drugs through modulation of cell signaling molecules activity. This review elaborates the information of myricetin role in cancer management through modulating of various cell-signaling molecules based on in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition, synergistic effect with currently used anticancer drugs and approaches to improve bioavailability are described. The evidences collected in this review will help different researchers to comprehend the information about its safety aspects, effective dose for different cancers and implication in clinical trials. Moreover, different challenges need to be focused on engineering different nanoformulations of myricetin to overcome the poor bioavailability, loading capacity, targeted delivery and premature release of this compound. Furthermore, some more derivatives of myricetin need to be synthesized to check their anticancer potential.

Fruit waste is an abundant and eco-friendly green resource for the synthesis of nanoparticles, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. In this study, we prepared green iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃-NPs) with excellent biological and catalytic properties. The materials are synthesized from polyphenol-rich extracts of Citrus limetta (sweet lemon) peels. After extensive characterization via UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX, and PL, the materials were tested for their biological properties and catalytic degradation of 2-NP and Methylene Orange (MO). We observed excellent antibacterial properties of Fe₂O₃-NPs, especially against gram-negative bacteria, with MICs of 0.625 mg/mL against E. coli and 1.125 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa. The eco-friendly materials also resulted in potential antiparasitic potential against L. tropica, the parasite that causes leishmaniasis. Furthermore, the NPs exhibit remarkable antioxidant properties and considerable enzyme inhibition ability against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), indicating their potential usefulness in treating diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to their outstanding biological properties, NPs have shown remarkable catalytic properties in the degradation of environmental pollutants such as 2-NP and methyl orange (MO). 98.32% degradation was observed for 2-NP in just 15 min, whereas 97.5% degradation was recorded for MO in 25 min. This excellent catalytic potential shows that the multifunctional materials synthesized from waste biomass can be utilized for important biological and environmental applications.

Saudi women have been deprived of equal access to and opportunities for an active lifestyle due to sociocultural restrictions. Using the theory of planned behaviour, this elicitation study aimed to explore the salient beliefs of young Saudi women aged 18-35 regarding physical activity (PA). A descriptive qualitative methodology was utilized using a semi-structured interview. A total of 25 transcribed interviews were coded. Content analysis was used to identify the salient beliefs and to rank-order the beliefs using an adaptation of Burnard's model. Thirty-five salient beliefs were identified as dominant factors in the decision to engage in PA. The salient beliefs about PA are classified as positive (related to advantages, social approval, and enabling) and negative (related to disadvantages, social disapproval, and barriers). These included behavioural beliefs (concerning physical/psychological well-being and social opportunities), normative beliefs (concerning family, community, international and local media influencers' expectations), and control beliefs (concerning personal, social, natural, and built environment enablers as well as constraints). Due to the elicited beliefs, young women may be able to adopt more active lifestyles and change their inactive behaviour. Addressing negative beliefs can help change their inactive behaviour. Strengthening positive beliefs and facilitators is also beneficial.

Approximately 10-40 million travelers get Traveler's Diarrhea (TD) yearly. A significant decrease in TD incidence has not been achieved by depending solely on antibiotic prophylaxis and educational initiatives. Using prebiotics to prevent TD has also not been examined in previous evaluations of probiotics for TD, which failed to consider the strain-specificity of probiotic efficacy. This review investigates the overall effects of probiotics on preventing TD, including the impact of dosage, duration, and age. Standard literature databases were searched without restriction on publication year or language. The following criteria are included: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English or non-English unrestricted to publication year, excluding animal and observational studies. This systematic review applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Of the 166 screened papers, 10 RCTs were included. Lactobacillus acidophilus showed no efficacy in preventing TD except when mixed with other strains. Other genera of lactobacilli showed a protection rate of up to 39% against TD. Similarly, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii have been effective in preventing TD. Studies investigating probiotics as a preventive measure for TD remain limited. Only a few probiotics that reduce TD risk exist. Based on this systematic review and meta-analysis, specific probiotic strains, including L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum, S. cerevisiae, and S. boulardii, may prevent TD. The effect of additional probiotic strains on TD prevention must be further investigated.

Malaria remains a major public health issue worldwide and a repeated cause of illness and death in tropical and subtropical areas. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, but it can also be transmitted via blood transfusions, organ transplants, and congenitally from mother to child. Despite decades of intervention efforts, millions of new cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths still occur each year, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. This review summarizes current epidemiological data on the global burden of malaria, mainly from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Malaria Report 2024 and Global Burden of Disease estimates. It brings together the latest evidence on worldwide malaria epidemiology, regional trends, determinants, and control strategies, with a particular focus on socio-economic factors, intervention methods, and emerging challenges such as drug resistance, climate change, and limited funding. Disease prevention and management require global, multifactorial approaches that are tailored to the local environment. Strengthening health education with locally relevant knowledge is important to improving outcomes in primary health prevention, secondary health prevention, and tertiary health prevention. The review concludes with a discussion of policy priorities needed in the future to meet the WHO Global Technical Strategy goals for malaria elimination by 2030.