Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have alterations in body composition, such as low cell integrity, body cell mass, and disturbances in water distribution evidenced by higher impedance ratio (IR), low phase angle (PhA), as well as low strength, low muscle mass, and sarcopenia. Body composition alterations are associated with adverse outcomes. However, according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), the impact of these alterations on mortality in COPD patients is not well-established. Our aims were to evaluate whether low strength, low muscle mass, and sarcopenia impacted mortality in COPD patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study performance was conducted with COPD patients. Patients with cancer, and asthma were excluded. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Low strength and muscle mass, and sarcopenia were defined according to EWGSOP2. Results: 240 patients were evaluated, of whom 32% had sarcopenia. The mean age was 72.32 ± 8.24 years. The factors associated with lower risk of mortality were handgrip strength (HR:0.91, CI 95%; 0.85 to 0.96, p = 0.002), PhA (HR:0.59, CI 95%; 0.37 to 0.94, p = 0.026) and exercise tolerance (HR:0.99, CI 95%; 0.992 to 0.999, p = 0.021), while PhA below the 50th percentile (HR:3.47, CI 95%; 1.45 to 8.29, p = 0.005), low muscle strength (HR:3.49, CI 95%; 1.41 to 8.64, p = 0.007) and sarcopenia (HR:2.10, CI 95%; 1.02 to 4.33, p = 0.022) were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Conclusion: Low PhA, low muscle strength, and sarcopenia are independently associated with poor prognosis in COPD patients.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients have alterations in body composition. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) evaluates body composition, hydration status, and fluid distribution. Subjects with fluid disturbances have been found to have lower FEV₁, respiratory muscle strength, and poor prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hydration status and fluid distribution on pulmonary function in COPD patients. A cross-sectional study, 180 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD were included. Patients with asthma, advanced renal or liver disease, acute HF, exacerbation of COPD, or pacemakers were excluded. Hydration status variables (TBW, ECW, ICW) and disturbance of fluid distribution [impedance ratio (IR) > 0.84 and phase angle (PhA)] were evaluated by BIA. Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry. The mean population age was 71.55 ± 8.94 years; 55% were men. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the IR ≥ 0.84 or < 0.84. The group with higher IR ≥ 0.84 had lower FEV₁, FVC, FEV₁/FVC, DLCO and, PhA compared to those with IR < 0.84. After adjusting for confounding variables TBW, ECW, IR ≥ 0.84, PhA, and resistance/height increase were associated with decreased FEV₁. In the same way, with IR ≥ 0.84, edema index ≥ 0.48, trunk and abdominal IR were negatively associated with FVC, and PhA had a positive association with FVC. Fluid distribution, especially IR and PhA, could be a useful parameter for predicting pulmonary function in COPD patients.

Overweight and obesity in adolescents has become a serious public health problem worldwide and Mexico City is no exception. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological panorama of overweight and obesity related to eating habits, physical activity and the concurrent presence of depression and anxiety in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City. Anthropometric measurements were taken from 2710 adolescents from 33 participating high schools. Likewise, a previously validated eating habit and physical activity questionnaire was administered, which consisted of four different sections, where each of the sections focused on key aspects of the participants’ lifestyle: (1) eating habits, (2) intake of non-recommended foods, (3) food and company environment, and (4) physical activity. Moreover, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety and depression was applied. In this study, a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (26.5% overweight and 20.0% obese) was found in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City. Only 13.14% of participants had adequate eating habits and 18.19% physical activity habits. An association was found between having inadequate eating habits and obesity in adolescent women (OR = 1.95; CI 1.009–3.76). Additionally, associations were observed between depression symptoms and obesity (OR = 5.68, CI 1.36–32.81; p = 0.01), while anxiety was associated with underweight and obesity adjusted by other dietary habits and psychological factors. Therefore, it is important to identify adolescents with overweight or obesity and establish prevention strategies for weight control in this age group, promoting healthy eating, physical activity and education in mental health.

Introducción: los pacientes con insufi ciencia cardiaca (IC) desarrollan cambios importantes en la composición corporal; sin embargo, pocosestudios han evaluado prospectivamente la asociación entre estos cambios y el empeoramiento de la clase funcional en pacientes con IC crónicaestable.Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si los cambios en los parámetros de la bioimpedancia estaban relacionados con el deterioro dela clase funcional de la clasifi cación de la New York Heart Association (NYHA) después de 6 meses.Métodos: se incluyeron 275 sujetos con IC crónica estable confi rmada por ecocardiograma. Se les realizaron mediciones de composicióncorporal por impedancia bioeléctrica de cuerpo completo con un equipo de múltiples frecuencias BodyStat QuadScan 4000 y se determinó laclase funcional por la clasifi cación de la New York Heart Association (NYHA) después de seis meses.Resultados: sesenta y seis (24%) sujetos mostraron deterioro de su clase funcional y 209 la mejoraron o no cambiaron. Se encontró mayorproporción de pacientes que cuya clase funcional se deterioró, en los que aumentó > 5% el agua extracelular y que desarrollaron hipervolemiade acuerdo a su localización en la gráfi ca resistencia/reactancia. La disminución de > 5% de la resistencia/talla se asoció de forma independientecon el deterioro de la clase funcional con un OR = 1.42 (IC 95% 1.01-2.0, p = 0.04).Conclusiones: la evaluación de la composición corporal a través de bioimpedancia eléctrica en pacientes con IC es un marcador de deteriorofuncional.

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder resulting from interactions among genetic, environmental, and dietary factors. Traditional clinical markers may provide limited insight into the biochemical mechanisms that link nutrition and metabolic dysfunction; in this context, the epigenetic mechanisms through which nutrients modulate gene expression are central to understanding metabolic homeostasis. This review summarizes the published evidence on nutrient-driven epigenetic processes in obesity, focusing on DNA methyl donors, such as folate, vitamin B12, choline, betaine, serine, and methionine, and their effects on methylation and DNA methyltransferase activity. Metabolites such as acetyl-CoA, NAD⁺, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can also influence histone modifications, while diet-responsive microRNAs can regulate networks involved in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin signaling. Recent studies have identified epigenetic signatures associated with adiposity and metabolic traits, many of which are linked to the risk of cardiometabolic disease. This review is structured around the concept that nutrient-sensitive epigenetic mechanisms act as candidate biomarkers, linking dietary exposure to metabolic dysfunction. Recent evidence supports the idea that nutrient–epigenetic variation could complement traditional metabolic evaluations by offering mechanistic insight and translational direction. These findings suggest that nutrient-sensitive epigenetic mechanisms are biologically plausible candidate biomarker layers; however, their clinical implementation is currently limited by issues including tissue specificity, reproducibility, and the need for prospective validation.

Background/Objective: Mexico has experienced an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren, predisposing them to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, rapid eating has been increasingly implicated in the dysregulation of appetite control, greater energy intake, and adverse metabolic outcomes in children. Prior evidence indicates that a faster eating pace is associated with excess adiposity and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare cardiovascular risk factors (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body mass index (BMI), and lipid profile) among school-aged Mexican children according to self-reported eating speed. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting: Public elementary schools in Mexico. Participants: Ninety school-aged children (52.2% female) aged 6–12 years old. Eating speed was assessed using an adapted and validated self-administered questionnaire. Intervention: No intervention was applied; participants were classified into slow-, normal-, or fast-eating groups according to their usual eating speed as reported in the instrument, which includes questions regarding self-perception and family perception. Main Outcome Measure: The primary outcomes included anthropometric parameters (BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and biochemical markers of lipid metabolism (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol). Analysis: Descriptive statistics were computed, and comparisons across eating speed groups were performed using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical data. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Among the 90 children evaluated, 17.7% were classified as fast eaters. Although gender differences in eating speed were not statistically significant (χ²= 4.607, p = 0.100), a higher proportion of boys were classified as fast eaters. Children in the fast-eating group exhibited significantly higher BMI (1.4 kg/m²), waist circumference (4 cm greater), and modest elevations in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, alongside lower HDL cholesterol, relative to their slow-eating peers (all p < 0.05). Among all variables, only diastolic blood pressure differed significantly across groups (F = 3.92, p = 0.022), with fast eaters showing the highest values. Nevertheless BMI, waist circumference, triglyceride levels, and total cholesterol were not statistically significant in the logistic regression, and HDL cholesterol demonstrated an association close to 95% [0.051 (0.011–0.226)] to a protective factor against cardiometabolic events, estimating an effect size of 1.64 using Cohen’s d, which is considered a large effect, when compared to their slower-eating peers. Conclusions and Implications: Faster eating speed was consistently associated with unfavorable anthropometric and lipid profile indicators, aligning with previous evidence linking rapid eating to early cardiometabolic alterations. These findings emphasize the relevance of including eating behavior assessments in pediatric cardiovascular risk screenings and prevention strategies.