This study presents a bibliometric review aimed at mapping and analyzing the scientific literature related to the ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in livestock farming, which is a rapidly emerging yet still underexplored field in international research. Based on the Scopus database, 151 documents published between 2015 and 2025 were identified and analyzed using the VOSviewer version 1.6.20 and Biblioshiny for Bibliometrix (RStudio version 2023.12.1) tools. The results show a significant increase in publications from 2021 onwards, reflecting the growing maturity of discussions around the integration of digital technologies in the agricultural sector. Keyword co-occurrence and bibliographic coupling analyses revealed the formation of four main thematic clusters, covering technical applications in precision livestock farming as well as reflections on governance, animal welfare, and algorithmic justice. The most influential authors, high-impact journals, and leading countries in the field were also identified. As a key contribution, this study highlights the lack of robust ethical guidelines and proposes future research directions for the development of regulatory frameworks, codes of conduct, and interdisciplinary approaches. The findings underscore the importance of aligning technological innovation with ethical responsibility and social inclusion in the transition to digital livestock farming.

A temperatura do substrato nas bandejas é um fator variável no tempo e no espaço, que assume relevante importância nos processos físicos e nas trocas de energia com a atmosfera. Esta grandeza física interfere na germinação, crescimento radicular, absorção de água e nutrientes. Dessa forma, o conhecimento da dinâmica da temperatura do substrato é fundamental para a agricultura. Para tanto, essa pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de verificar a variação espaço-temporal da temperatura do substrato em bandejas de produção de mudas. Foram utilizadas bandejas de polipropileno convencional (preta) e polipropileno pintada de branco. O registro da temperatura do substrato foi realizado em 48 células de cada bandeja, consecutivamente, às 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 horas. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e aplicadas técnicas de geoestatística para verificação da distribuição espacial da temperatura nas amostras. A amplitude da temperatura do substrato na bandeja preta foi maior, o que evidência maior desuniformidade de temperatura entre as células e possível heterogeneidade na qualidade das mudas.

The objective was to thermally characterize the facilities during the growth and finishing phases of pigs and to evaluate the influence of climate control systems on the expression of the behaviors of pigs. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil, during the spring of 2019. Twenty-seven pigs aged 63 days were used. The animals were submitted to pens without climate control system, with forced ventilation, and with an evaporative adiabatic cooling system. Dry bulb temperature (°C), relative air humidity (%), black globe temperature (°C), and swine behavioral responses were recorded, submitted to multivariate analysis, using the principal component technique. Pens with the evaporative adiabatic cooling system showed a significant reduction in air temperature and an increase in relative air humidity, during the two phases. Pigs submitted to evaporative cooling showed greater ingestive activity and lethargic behavior, typical of the studied phases

This paper explores the potential of infrared thermography and geostatistics in animal production and presents the results of the application of the combination of these techniques, contributing significantly to efforts to obtain animals’ responses to the environments in which they are located and thereby ensuring improvements in productivity and animal welfare. The objective was to verify the variability in surface temperature in pigs submitted to different climate control systems using geostatistics. Three growing animals per stall were selected. Dry bulb temperature (Tbd, °C), relative humidity (RH, %) and thermal images were recorded at 08:00 and 12:00 h. To analyze the data, semivariograms were made, the theoretical model was validated and kriging maps were constructed. The mean temperature of the pigs in the pen with adiabatic evaporative cooling (AEC) ranged from 32.40 to 36.25 °C; for the pigs in the forced ventilation (FV) pen, the range of variation was from 32.51 to 36.81 °C. In the control group (Con), with natural ventilation, the average temperature was 37.51 to 38.45 °C. The geostatistical analysis provided a mathematical model capable of illustrating the variation in temperature in the caudal–dorsal regions of the pigs according to the environments to which the animals were subjected.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the thermal comfort, physiological responses and performance of pigs in the growth phase, subjected to supplemental lighting programs in air-conditioned environments, in semiarid region of Pernambuco state, Brazil. Twenty-seven pigs (3/4 Duroc, ¼ Pietrain) were subjected to pens with no climate control, pens with forced ventilation and pens with adiabatic evaporative cooling, associated with 12 h of natural light, 12 h of natural light + 4 h of artificial light and 12 h of natural light + 6 h of artificial light. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement with three repetitions. Meteorological responses, physiological responses and performance variables of the animals were recorded. The evaporative cooling system attenuated the action of the stressors and ensured adequate thermal conditions for the animals. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature indicated that evaporative cooling ensured the maintenance of homeothermy. Weight gain and feed conversion were positively influenced for the animals exposed to evaporative cooling, but without significant effect of lighting programs.