Issues on climate change have been recognized as serious challenges for regional sustainable development both at a global and local level. Given the background that most of the artificial carbon emissions are resulted from the energy consumption sector and the energy is also the key element resource for economic development, this study examines economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption relationship in Bangladesh by using cointegration test. For this purpose 1972-2011 periods taken and annual data of Gross Domestic Product (Y), Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO) and Energy Consumption (EC) are used. The obtain results from this paper indicated that energy consumption has a positive and significant impact on economic growth while carbon emission has a negative and insignificant effect, ensuring that economic growth in Bangladesh can be achieved without degrading the quality of the environment.

A lack of adaptive capacities for climate change prevents poor farmers from diversifying agricultural production in Bangladesh’s drought-resilient areas. Climate change adaptation strategies can reduce the production risk relating to unforeseen climatic shocks and increase farmers’ food, income, and livelihood security. This paper investigates rice farmers’ adaptive capacities to adapt climate change strategies to reduce the rice production risk. The study collected 400 farm-level micro-data of rice farmers with the direct cooperation of Rajshahi District. The survey was conducted during periods between June and July of 2020. Rice farmers’ adaptive capacities were estimated quantitatively by categorizing the farmers as high, moderate, and low level adapters to climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, a Cobb–Douglas production function was used to measure the effects of farmers’ adaptive capacities on rice production. The obtained results show that farmers are moderately adaptive in terms of adaptation strategies on climate change and the degree of adaptation capacities. Agronomic practices such as the quantity of fertilizer used, the amount of labor, the farm’s size, and extension contacts have a substantial impact on rice production. This study recommends that a farmer more significantly adjusts to adaptation strategies on climate change to reduce rice production. These strategies will help farmers to reduce the risk and produce higher quality rice. Consequently, rice farmers should facilitate better extension services and change the present agronomic practice to attain a higher adaptation status. It can be very clearly seen that low adaptability results in lower rice yields.

This paper explores the market participation decision of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and tries to sort out the most important factors that influence smallholder farmers' decision to participate in the output market to sell their produce in Bangladesh. To examine the relationship between the smallholder farmers' decision to participate in the market and the factors that affect these farmers' decision, a Probit regression model is employed. For this purpose this study uses primary data collected from 100 smallholder farmers of Durgapur Upazila under Rajshahi District. Main findings of this study indicate that there is moderate level of market participation by the households who decide to participate in the market with 57% sales of their produced crops. It is found that farm size, household labour, income from livestock and farm income might be the main factors that affect the smallholder farmers' decision to participate in the output market. These findings also suggest that the smallholder farmers would participate more and more in the output market, if farm size, household labour and farm income are increased in one hand and income from livestock is decreased on the other hand. The originality of this paper is that it examines the phenomenon of smallholder farmers' commercialization in Bangladesh from the perspectives of market participation, which may create an opportunity for further constructive debate. Finally, development market infrastructure, provision of marketing incentives to smallholder farmers and development of an institutionalized marketing information service are recommended to enhance commercialization of agriculture in Bangladesh.

This study explores the major factors that push children onto the streets and focuses on their vulnerable livelihoods with hazardous lifestyles. The study mainly concentrates on simple statistical analysis of primary data collected from direct collaborations with the children on the streets of Rajshahi city and their families. This study finds that extreme poverty, hunger, familial frustration, sense of disparity, physical and mental abuse, and negligence are the factors that push children of the poor families to the street. The vulnerability analysis portrays a situation of hazardous lifestyle of the children at such an earlier age, which is beyond thinking, and where from they have very little chance of finding assistance to escape from the danger of being abused. Therefore, it is highly important to sensitize the appropriate stakeholders to grow sense about providing extensive care for those street children and giving them financial supports to reduce their livelihood vulnerabilities.

The study explores the significant factors and utilization of international remittance in Bangladesh by using primary data from 84 migrant households. The study applies multiple linear regression model estimated by OLS method. The estimated results find that household size, training, skill, years at abroad and earnings significantly affect international remittance in Bangladesh. This indicates migrants remit home motivated by mixed views like, altruistic, loan repayment and exchange view. The study also finds 50.01 percent of remittance is utilized only in consumption of food purpose. The study suggests arranging training and skill enhancing programs to migrants and creating investment opportunities.

The study investigates the casual relationship between press freedom and human development in Bangladesh by using data from the Reporters Without Borders and United Nations Development Programme over the period 2002–2014. The modified causality test “Toda–Yamamoto” has been applied to analyze the data. Though, it is widely believed that press freedom and development go hand in hand, the results suggest that there is no evidence of causal relationship either from freedom of the press and human development in Bangladesh. This implies that in the long-run, press freedom does not cause human development and vice versa. This result is obvious for the country as it is still lag behind in achieving improvements to this two –press freedom and human development. Thus, the causal relationship between the two is not established in Bangladesh. This study suggests for shaping appropriate policies to advance press freedom in the country and thereby human development should be redefined considering improvements in press freedom.